Gastric reflux is a significant cause of tooth erosion. Erosion is a common type of tooth wear defined as the loss of tooth substance by a chemical process not involving bacteria. It is typically caused by acid that may be extrinsic, usually in the form of soft drinks or citrus fruits, or intrinsic in the form of refluxed gastric acid. The etiology is complex, with an interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors together with other types of tooth wear, such as attrition or abrasion. In order to delineate the participation of gastric reflux in the process of tooth erosion,
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DOI: 10.2319/021809-104.1
To examine (1) the laterality of asymmetry in movements of the right and left corners of the mouth in space during voluntary smile and (2) the laterality of asymmetry in relation to the difference between the right and left hemiface size and the handedness. Participants were 155 volunteer Japanese female adults. They were categorized into the symmetric group (n = 120) and the right-side hemiface dominant group (n = 26) according to the hemiface size. In addition, the symmetric group was categorized into the right-handed group (n = 98) and the left-handed group (n = 22) according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Position vectors of the right and left corners of the mouth were obtained from the three-dimensional facial images for the rest, the maximal lip corner retraction, and the portrait smile. The displacements of the right and left corners of the mouth for each expression and the proportions of the subjects with the right- and left-sided laterality were compared. The left corner of the mouth showed significantly greater displacement (P < .01) than the right in the symmetric group for the portrait smile. The left-sided laterality was found regardless of the handedness. Displacements of the right and left corners of the mouth during voluntary smile were asymmetric, and the left-sided laterality was found. Also, the laterality of the facedness differed in relation to the hemiface size, but was not related to the handedness.ABSTRACT
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Changes in Occlusal Relationships in Mixed Dentition Patients Treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion
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DOI: 10.2319/040309-192.1
To prospectively measure occlusal changes in mixed dentition patients who underwent a standardized early expansion protocol. The treatment sample consisted of 500 patients who were assigned to three groups according to molar relationship: Class I (n = 204), end-to-end (n = 166), and Class II (n = 130). All patients were treated with a bonded rapid maxillary expander (RME) followed by a removable maintenance plate and a transpalatal arch. Mean age at the start of treatment was 8.8 years (T1), with a pre–phase 2 treatment cephalogram (T2) taken 3.7 years later. The control sample consisted of the cephalometric records of 188 untreated subjects (Class 1, n = 79; end-to-end, n = 51; Class II, n = 58). The largest change in molar relationship was noted when the Class II treatment group (1.8 mm) was compared with the matched control group (0.3 mm). A positive change was seen in 81% of the Class II treatment group, with almost half of the group improving by ≥2.0 mm. The end-to-end treatment group had a positive change of 1.4 mm, compared with a control value of 0.6 mm, and the Class I group of about 1 mm compared with controls, who remained unchanged (0.1 mm). Skeletal changes were not significant when any of the groups were compared with controls. The expansion protocol had a significantly favorable effect on the sagittal occlusal relationships of Class II, end-to-end, and Class I patients treated in the early mixed dentition.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/033009-181.1
To determine the forces and moments delivered to a maxillary central incisor during rotation by three different thermoplastic appliances with identical thickness. Five identical appliances were manufactured from each of three materials (Ideal Clear 1.0 mm, Erkodur 1.0 mm, Biolon 1.0 mm). An upper central incisor fixed in a measuring device was rotated around its central axis in 0.5-degree steps to ±2.5 degrees, ±5 degrees, and ±7.5 degrees (equivalent to an activation of ±0.17 mm, ±0.34 mm, and ±0.51 mm of the incisor edge) in the clockwise and anticlockwise directions with the respective appliance fixed in place. For statistical analysis, the moments Tz (rotation) and forces Fz (intrusion) were tested. Means and standard deviations for Tz and median and 25% and 75% quantiles for Fz were calculated. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. The minimal moment was determined at a rotation of −0.17 mm (−7.3 Nmm, ±0.8), and the maximal moment at a deflection of −0.51 mm (−71.8 Nmm. ±2.5) was recorded. The minimal value for Fz was measured at an activation of −0.17 mm (0.0 N), and the highest intrusive forces were evaluated for a rotation of −0.51 mm (−5.8 N). The particular material sometimes had a significant (P < .05) influence on the forces delivered and the moments. During rotation with aligners, an intrusive force can also be observed. The direction of rotation, and the materials used all exert an influence on the force delivery properties of the appliance.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/042109-226.1
To evaluate differences in long-term postretention changes between adolescents and adults. The sample included 96 subjects, 51 adolescents and 45 adults (14.2 ± 0.8 and 21.5 ± 6.8 years of age, respectively, at the end of treatment) retained for 3 years and followed approximately 16 years post treatment, who were randomly selected from two private practices. Prior to treatment, 38 and 58 had Class I and Class II malocclusions, respectively. With the exception of adult midlines, all of the occlusal variables (overjet [0.50–0.77 mm], overbite [0.85–0.95 mm], the maxillary incisor irregularity [0.69–0.80 mm], the mandibular incisor irregularity [0.85–1.50 mm] and the PAR score [0.86–1.92 points]) showed significant increases over time. Adolescents consistently showed greater increases of the occlusal variables than adults, with mandibular incisor irregularity and the PAR index attaining statistically significant (P < .05) levels. Arch length and mandibular intercanine width showed statistically significant decreases over time in both groups; maxillary intercanine and intermolar widths did not change significantly. Overjet increased significantly more in Class II patients than in Class I patients, whereas Class I patients showed significantly greater decreases in mandibular intermolar width than Class II patients. Over the 16-year posttreatment period, adolescents showed significantly greater increases in mandibular incisor irregularity, and the PAR index than adults. Treated Class I patients demonstrated less increase in overjet and greater decreases in mandibular intermolar width than Class II patients.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/041709-219.1
To determine the best technique for measuring mesial-distal tooth widths on digital models. The individual mesial-distal tooth widths were measured (first molar to first molar, maxillary and mandibular) on 32 stone casts and corresponding digital models (emodels, GeoDigm, Chanhassen, Minn). The digital models were measured using five different techniques: occlusal aspect, occlusal aspect zooming in on each individual tooth, facial aspect rotating as needed, facial aspect from three standard positions (R buccal, facial, and L buccal), and qualitatively rotating the model in any position deemed necessary. Measurements were repeated three times at least 1 week apart. The operator time needed to complete each set of measurements was recorded. Four of five digital measurement techniques (except for the facial aspect from three standard positions) showed a slight positive bias (overestimation in measured width) compared with stone cast measurements. Measuring from the occlusal aspect resulted in the greatest Pearson correlation (98.509%), the least Altman-Bland standard deviation of differences value (1.881 mm), and the second fastest measuring time (2 minutes 3 seconds). Qualitatively rotating the model had similar Pearson correlation and Altman-Bland values to the Occlusal technique but took the longest time to measure (7 minutes 1 second). The Occlusal measurement technique for digital models was the best combination of accuracy, repeatability, and speed of measurement.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/111608-588.1
To construct a decision-making expert system (ES) for the orthodontic treatment of patients between 11 and 15 years old to determine whether extraction is needed by using artificial neural networks (ANN). Specifically, we will uncover the factors that affect this decision-making process. A total of 200 subjects were chosen; among them, 120 were accepted for extraction treatments, and 80 were chosen for nonextraction treatments. For each case, 23 indices were selected. A 23-13-1 Back Propagation (BP) ANN model was constructed, and the data for 180 patients were aggregated to constitute the training set. Data for the other 20 patients were used as the testing set. When data from the 180 patients that had been trained were tested, the result was 100%, as expected. The untrained data from 20 patients in the testing set were 80% correct (ie, 16 cases were forecasted successfully). In the meantime, the relative contributions of the 23 input indices to the final output index (extraction/nonextraction) were calculated. “Anterior teeth uncovered by incompetent lips” and “IMPA (L1-MP)” were the two indices that gave the biggest contributions sequentially; the index of FMA (FH-MP) gave the smallest contribution. (1) The constructed artificial neural network in this study was effective, with 80% accuracy, in determining whether extraction or nonextraction treatment was best for malocclusion patients between 11 and 15 years old; (2) when the clinician is predicting whether an orthodontic treatment requires extraction, the indices “anterior teeth uncovered by incompetent lips” and “IMPA (L1-MP)” should be taken into consideration first.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/030809-130.1
Patients with OSAS (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) demonstrate decreased upper airway dimension and craniofacial skeletal abnormalities. The study was performed to analyze whether upper airway dimensions differed among Chinese nonsnoring children of different sagittal and vertical skeletal facial morphologies. Lateral cephalometric records were used to measure the dimensions of the upper airway. Two groups of subjects were studied. A group of subjects with a normodivergent facial pattern (n = 190; FH-MP angle between 23.5° and 30.5°) was divided into three subgroups according to ANB angle (Class I, II, or III). A second group of subjects with a normal sagittal facial pattern (n = 180; ANB angle between 0.7° and 4.7°) was divided into three subgroups according to the FH-MP angle (low angle, normal angle, or high angle). All subgroups were matched for age and sex. In the group of subjects with a normodivergent facial pattern, a significant tendency for reduced upper airway dimension in the inferior part (palatopharyngeal and hypopharynx) was found in the Class III, Class I, and Class II subgroups, in that order. In the group of subjects with a normal sagittal facial pattern, the superior part of the airway (nasopharyngeal and palatopharyngeal) decreased with increasing mandibular plane angle. The sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns may be contributory factors for the variation of the inferior and superior part of the upper airway, respectively. Skeletal deficiency of nonsnoring Chinese children may predispose them to upper airway obstruction.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/052109-284.1
To synthesize currently existing data and investigate the prevalence of tooth transposition as well as its relation to gender, dental arch, and quadrant occurrence. Several electronic databases were searched in order to identify the potentially relevant studies. Initially, 591 papers were retrieved. After applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine studies were eligible for inclusion in this evaluation. Meta-analysis was performed by determining the event rate and the 95% confidence intervals estimated by the random effect model. Analysis of the data of the primary studies revealed that tooth transposition has a mean prevalence of 0.33%. This prevalence seems to be the same between the two genders. However, tooth transposition appears more frequently in the maxilla than in the mandible and more unilaterally than bilaterally. Tooth transposition is a rare phenomenon that affects various populations, including across genders, in a similar manner. Some maxillary predisposition exists, and its unilateral occurrence is higher than that of bilateral.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/030909-135.1
To evaluate systematic differences in landmark position between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)–generated cephalograms and conventional digital cephalograms and to estimate how much variability should be taken into account when both modalities are used within the same longitudinal study. Landmarks on homologous cone-beam computed tomographic–generated cephalograms and conventional digital cephalograms of 46 patients were digitized, registered, and compared via the Hotelling T2 test. There were no systematic differences between modalities in the position of most landmarks. Three landmarks showed statistically significant differences but did not reach clinical significance. A method for error calculation while combining both modalities in the same individual is presented. In a longitudinal follow-up for assessment of treatment outcomes and growth of one individual, the error due to the combination of the two modalities might be larger than previously estimated.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/061109-333.1
To compare chewing cycle kinematics of subjects with better and poorer masticatory performance. A cross-sectional study compared masticatory performance, based on the breakdown of the artificial test food Cuttersil®, in 30 subjects with Class I occlusion. Individuals with median particle sizes greater and lesser than the median value for the entire sample were categorized as poorer (15) and better (15) performers, respectively. While chewing Cuttersil, three-dimensional jaw movements of subjects were tracked with an optoelectric computer system. Multilevel linear modeling was used to evaluate differences in estimated cycle shape, cycle duration, and maximum excursions, as well as within-subject variation between the two groups. Poorer performers had a significantly longer opening duration (0.274 ± 0.225 sec vs 0.325 ± 0.270 sec) than better performers. Poorer and better performers also showed significant differences in cycle shape, including a less horizontal path of closure and more posterior jaw movement in the poorer performers. In addition, poorer performers exhibited significantly more cycle-to-cycle (within-subject) variability in chewing cycle duration, excursive movements, and lateral velocity than did better performers. Poorer performers lacked consistency in their chewing cycles, and their cycle shape differs from that of better performers.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/040209-188.1
To assess changes in hyoid, tongue, pharyngeal airway, and head posture in patients who had mandibular setback surgery by intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and to investigate the influence of LeFort I osteotomy. Sixty patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were evaluated. All patients had mandibular setback surgery via IVRO, and 45 patients had additional maxillary impaction surgery via LeFort I osteotomy. Lateral cephalograms were taken before, immediately after, approximately 1 month after, and at least 1 year after surgery. Parameters indicating the hyoid, tongue, pharyngeal airway, and head posture were evaluated. The hyoid significantly moved inferoposteriorly immediately after surgery and relapsed superoanteriorly during observation periods. The tongue significantly moved posteriorly during all periods. The final position of the hyoid and tongue was significantly posterior, and the final pharyngeal airway was significantly narrower compared with its presurgical position. Significant cervical hyperflection occurred during observation periods and was strongly correlated with anterior movement of the hyoid. The hyoid and tongue showed similar positions regardless of the presence of different genders or LeFort I osteotomy after the long-term observation period. The hyoid and tongue moved posteriorly after mandibular setback surgery via IVRO, and there was a tendency to relapse back to its original position. However, the final pharyngeal airway width remained narrower after the long-term observation period. Based on our results, careful monitoring of the airway may be needed after mandibular setback surgery via IVRO.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/040109-185.1
To analyze the age-dependent changes in nerve fibers immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-ir) in the periodontal ligaments of rats. Thirty male Wistar-ST rats were divided into growing groups (5, 9, and 15 weeks of age) and aging groups (6, 12, and 24 months of age) (n = 5 in each group). Eight serial sagittal sections, 5 µm thick, were cut parallel to the distobuccal root of the maxillary right first molar. These tissues were stained with a rabbit monoclonal antibody against CGRP. The observation area was divided into three parts (mesial, apical, and distal) and observed using a light microscope. CGRP-ir nerve fibers were primarily distributed in the apical periodontal ligament in the growing group, with significantly more fibers than in the aging group. CGRP-ir nerve fibers in the periodontal ligament are dense during the growth period and decrease gradually with aging, indicating that CGRP may affect periodontal tissue with growth and aging.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/012909-58.1
To examine the influence of occlusal stimuli on the vasculature in the dental pulp, using an occlusal hypofunction model. Twenty 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. To produce occlusal hypofunction, the appliances were attached to the maxillary and mandibular incisors. Untreated rats served as controls. Serial horizontal paraffin sections of the mandibular first molar were processed by conventional methods. To evaluate the microvasculature in the dental pulp, sections of each specimen were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. In the experimental group, the arterioles in the tooth pulp tissue ran convergently, and their inside diameter was significantly smaller than that of the control group. This study suggests that occlusal stimuli influence the periodontal ligament throughout the microvasculature of the dental pulp.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/040409-194.1
To evaluate the role of the posed smile in overall facial esthetics, as determined by laypersons and orthodontists. Twenty orthodontists and 20 lay evaluators were asked to perform six Q-sorts on different photographs of 48 white female subjects. The six Q-sorts consisted of three different photographs for each of two time points (pre- and posttreatment), as follows: (1) smile-only, (2) face without the smile, and (3) face with the smile. The evaluators determined a split-line for attractive and unattractive images at the end of each Q-sort. The proportions of attractive patients were compared across Q-sorts using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data. The evaluators also ranked nine facial/dental characteristics at the completion of the six Q-sorts. Evaluators found the pretreatment face without the smile to be significantly more attractive than the face with the smile or the smile-only photographs. Dissimilar results were seen posttreatment; there was not a significant difference between the three posttreatment photographs. The two panels agreed on the proportion of “attractive” subjects but differed on the attractiveness level of each individual subject. The presence of a malocclusion has a negative impact on facial attractiveness. Orthodontic correction of a malocclusion affects overall facial esthetics positively. Laypeople and orthodontists agree on what is attractive. Overall facial harmony is the most important characteristic used in deciding facial attractiveness.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/042809-138.1
To test the null hypotheses that supplementation of verbal information with written information when obtaining consent to orthodontic treatment has no effect on (1) anxiety, motivation and apprehension related to treatment and (2) compliance in the early stages of fixed appliance therapy. Seventy-six adolescents who were due to start fixed appliance therapy were randomly allocated to receive verbal information only or verbal and written information before orthodontic treatment. Participants' anxiety, motivation, and apprehension were assessed using a questionnaire that was completed prior to meeting the orthodontic clinician (T1), following consent to treatment (T2), and after 12 weeks of treatment (T3). Appointment attendance, appliance breakages, and periodontal scores were used as measures of patient compliance. Sixty participants completed the study. At T2 there was no change in anxiety scores for either group (P = .412); however, increased motivation was detected in the group that had been given both written and verbal information (P = .049). At T3 both groups demonstrated similar reductions in anxiety (P = .311) and apprehension (P = .790) and similar levels of motivation (P = .756). A reduction in periodontal scores (P = .065), better appointment attendance (P = .732), and fewer breakages (P = .525) were reported in the group that was given additional information, although these changes were not statistically significant. Supplementation of verbal information with written information resulted in improved motivation for orthodontic treatment but had no statistically significant effect on anxiety, apprehension, or patient compliance.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/041609-218.1
To evaluate the treatment effects of high-pull J-hook headgear on the lower dental arch in nongrowing Class III patients. Fourteen nongrowing Class III patients having an Angle Class III malocclusion and ANB angle of less than 1.0 degree, were treated with high-pull J-hook headgear to the lower arch. Using lateral cephalograms and plaster models obtained before treatment (T1), after active treatment (T2), and after the retention period (T3), the treatment outcome was analyzed. The incisal edge of the lower central incisor moved a mean of 1.2 mm to the lingual and 1.7 mm to the occlusal between T1 and T2. The axis of the lower incisor inclined 4.0° to the lingual. The lower first molar cusp moved 1.5 mm to the distal and the root apex moved 2.0 mm to the mesial. Molar angulations were tipped 9.8° to the distal. The occlusal plane showed 4.5° counterclockwise rotation. The mean intermolar width increased 1.5 mm on average. Comparison of the records between T2 and T3 showed minimal changes. Distal movement of the lower dental arch using J-hook headgear was clearly demonstrated, confirming that the application of high-pull J-hook headgear to the lower arch was effective for improvement of the Class III occlusion.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/031209-143.1
To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the morphology of the lips and to determine the degree of improvement in the smile after orthognathic surgery for Class III malocclusion. The sample subjects included 30 adult female patients with dento-skeletal Class III malocclusion and 28 adult female volunteers with normal occlusion. Frontal facial photographs were taken before and after treatment, and 35 landmarks were placed on each tracing made from the frontal facial photograph. Thereafter, the landmarks were digitized into an x and y coordinate system with the subnasal point as the origin. The pretreatment rest and smile conditions were compared with the posttreatment conditions, respectively, using paired t-tests. In addition, two sample t-tests were used to test for differences between groups. Both the upper and lower lips in the smiles of the Class III pretreatment group were positioned downward, and the upward movement of the upper lip and commissure points were smaller compared with the control group. When smiling, the horizontal direction of the mouth corners was statistically significantly different between the pretreatment and posttreatment conditions, whereas these were wider in the posttreatment than in the pretreatment conditions. These characteristics of the Class III smile improved after orthognathic treatment, but the differences with the control group remained unchanged immediately after treatment. The hypothesis is rejected. The soft tissue morphology of patients with dento-skeletal Class III malocclusion shows a significant improvement after orthognathic surgery.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/021909-106.1
To investigate the desirable healing time of micro-screws by histomorphologic and histomorphometric evaluations of osseointegration after immediate and early loading. Fifty-four micro-screws were bilaterally placed in the maxillary premolar regions of nine beagles. Then the micro-screws with various healing time of 0 day (0D group), 2 weeks (2W group), and 4 weeks (4W group) were loaded with an orthodontic force (100 g) for 8 weeks. The direction of the orthodontic force was vertical to the long axis of the micro-screws. Hard tissue sections containing micro-screws were prepared for histomorphologic and histomorphometric evaluations. The survival rate of the micro-screws in this study was 100%. Bone remodeling, close contact bone-implant interface, and endochondral ossification were observed in all osseous specimens. Activated osteoblasts aggregated to the bone-implant interface of the 4W group, and lamellar bone was found in the peri-implant regions. Micro-screws of the 2W group were partially surrounded by collagen fibers; and neonatal lines of bone, woven bone, and osteoclasts were found in the peri-implant regions. Micro-screws of the 0D group were surrounded by more collagen fibers compared with the other two groups. Bone implant contact ratios of the three groups were 43.74% (0D group), 66.26% (2W group), and 73.28% (4W group), respectively and statistical differences were significant (ANOVA, P < .01). All micro-screws in the three groups can provide stable orthodontic anchorage. However, to obtain improved stationary anchorage, a 4-week healing time is recommended before orthodontic loading.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/051209-252.1
To test the hypothesis that the self-perception of dental and facial attractiveness among patients requiring orthognathic surgery is no different from that of control patients. Happiness with dental and facial appearance was assessed using questionnaires completed by 162 patients who required orthognathic treatment and 157 control subjects. Visual analog scale, binary, and open response data were collected. Analysis was carried out using a general linear model, logistic regression, and chi-square tests. Orthognathic patients were less happy with their dental appearance than were controls. Class II patients and women had lower happiness scores for their dental appearance. Among orthognathic patients, the “shape” and “prominence” of their teeth were the most frequent causes of concern. Older subjects, women, and orthognathic patients were less happy with their facial appearance. Class III orthognathic patients, older subjects, and women were more likely to have looked at their own face in profile. A greater proportion of Class II subjects than Class III subjects wished to change their appearance. The hypothesis is rejected. The findings indicate that women and patients requiring orthognathic surgery had lower levels of happiness with their dentofacial appearance. Although Class II patients exhibited the lowest levels of happiness with their dental appearance, there was some evidence that concerns and awareness about their facial profile were more pronounced among the Class III patients.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/031109-141.1
To test the hypotheses that 1) there is no difference between orthodontic patients' and their parents' reports of patients' oral health-related quality of life, and 2) there are no gender differences. The sample consisted of 182 orthodontic patients (age range, 8–15) and their parents. Respondents were required to complete the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP). Items were divided into five different subscales, and scores on all subscales were compared between and within groups. Also, scores on six additional items regarding treatment expectations and global health perception were compared. Two hypotheses were tested: first, that no differences between parents and patients would be detected, and second, that no differences between boys and girls would be found. The first hypothesis could not be rejected. Only a few minor differences between parents and patients were found. The second hypothesis was rejected. Differences between boys and girls were found on the subscales Emotional Well-Being and Peer Interaction, indicating that girls experience more effects of oral health on their quality of life than do boys. Parents' reports on their children's oral health-related qualities of life were in agreement with reports of the orthodontic patients. This suggests that parents are suitable alternatives to their children in surveys measuring oral health-related quality of life.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/072309-410.1
To evaluate applicant credentials that are associated with receiving interviews to postgraduate orthodontic programs. Twenty-two variables incorporating academic, work, and personal characteristics of 68 applicants were analyzed using a mailed questionnaire survey and data from application files. Applicants were grouped into categories based on the number of interviews reported. Statistically significant associations were identified between interview category and: age, number of programs applied to, grade in orthodontic course, grade point average, scores from part 1 of the national dental board exam, academic honors, research, recommendation letter from orthodontic faculty, general practice residency, work experience, and community service. Programs are interested in rounded, well-balanced individuals who excel at more than one thing. Cumulative grade point average and orthodontic work experience were the most significant.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/042109-223.1
To determine the shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of metal brackets bonded with two different adhesives when a resin coat and the adhesive were light-cured separately or simultaneously. Eighty stainless steel brackets were bonded to the enamel of extracted premolars, 40 with Transbond Plus adhesive (group 1) and 40 with Transbond XT (group 2). Each group was subdivided into four equal subgroups; a, b, c, and d. Brackets in subgroups a and b were bonded with the adhesive without coating. For brackets in subgroup c, Ortho-Choice Ortho-Coat was applied and cured after curing of the adhesive, while the coat was applied and cured with the adhesive for brackets in subgroup d. The specimens were immersed in a 2% methylene blue dye. After debonding, the teeth and brackets were examined with a stereomicroscope. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan multiple range test, and Pearson correlation. Both adhesives had comparable SBS. Curing of the coat after curing of the adhesive showed significantly higher SBS than other protocols. There was no significant difference in SBS of the adhesives without coating and with curing of the coat and adhesive simultaneously. Application of the coat significantly reduced microleakage. There was a significant negative relationship between SBS and microleakage. SBS was significantly improved with curing of the coat and adhesive separately, while it was not adversely affected when the coat and adhesive were cured simultaneously. Using the coat with either protocol significantly reduced the microleakage.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/051609-268.1
To investigate the effectiveness and periodontal side effects of laser circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy (CSF) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on orthodontically rotated teeth in beagles. Eighteen mandibular incisors from nine dogs were divided into three groups by treatment (n = 6/group): A, orthodontic couple force application only (control); B, laser CSF following orthodontic couple force application; and C, LLLT following orthodontic couple force application. Both mandibular lateral incisors were rotated for 4 weeks, and the relapse tendency was observed for 4 weeks more without any retainers. The amount of relapse, sulcus depth, and gingival recession were measured at weeks 4 and 8. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffé's post hoc test were used for data analysis. Tissue specimens were examined at week 8 under light microscopy after hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining. The mean percentage of relapse was 41.29% in group A, 14.52% in group B, and 56.80% in group C (P < .001). Four weeks after laser CSF, the sulcus depth increased by 0.67 mm, but no gingival recession was observed. There was no significant difference between groups A and C in terms of sulcus depth and gingival recession. Laser CSF is an effective procedure to decrease relapse after tooth rotation, causing no apparent damage to the supporting periodontal structures, whereas LLLT on orthodontically rotated teeth without retainers appears to increase the relapse tendency.ABSTRACT
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Case Reports
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DOI: 10.2319/033009-182.1
Tooth ankylosis is one of the various problems in dentistry and requires special treatment approaches for satisfactory results. In the orthodontic treatment of an ankylosed tooth, different treatment modalities have been put into practice including both orthodontic and orthodontic-surgical approaches. For favorable results, gingival margin esthetics must be considered as much as leveling the ankylosed tooth in the arch. Distraction osteogenesis accompanied by orthodontic mechanics is a sensible way of achieving this goal. However, devices used in the distraction protocol are high in price and bulky in shape, causing functional and esthetic problems for the patient. This report describes treatment of an infrapositioned ankylosed incisor with continuous distraction forces produced by conventional orthodontic mechanics. In conclusion, the ankylosed tooth was leveled in the upper arch successfully with a harmonic gingival margin.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/033109-184.1
This study describes the management of a case of multiple missing teeth involving premolar autotransplantation, othodontic treatment, and a 6-year follow-up of autotransplantation. The prognosis of the transplant was good with a satisfactory crown-root ratio. Autotransplantation is a viable treatment option that eliminates the need for prosthetic therapy or implants for children with missing permanent teeth.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/122908-661.1
This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a 10-year-old female patient with a combination of Angle Class III malocclusion, a missing maxillary right lateral incisor, a supernumerary tooth with a short root on the lingual side of the maxillary incisor, a skeletal Class III jaw base relationship caused by a diminutive maxilla, and retroposition of the maxilla. We chose to close the space of the missing tooth, as well as the space created by extraction of the maxillary lateral incisor, by forward movement of the canine and premolars using a maxillary protractor with edgewise appliances. As a result, both the maxillary premolars and the molars were moved mesially, and a Class II molar relationship with tight interdigitation was achieved. Our results suggest that the combination of maxillary protractor and nontorque brackets was effective not only for correcting skeletal Class III malocclusion, but also for forward movement of the maxillary posterior teeth.ABSTRACT
Editorial
People ask me, “What's going on up there in Minnesota? I heard that you are going to allow restorations and extractions to be performed by non-dentist personnel.” The fact is that the Minnesota legislature did address this question in 2008. A proposal to expand dental hygienist education for certain hygienists was replaced by a bill to create a new level of dental care provider, the oral health practitioner. The details of the final bill can be seen at http://www.health.state.mn.us/healthreform/legislation/sf2942.pdf. In 2009, the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry created an educational program for dental therapists. Students enter the
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eISSN: 1945-7103 | ISSN: 0003-3219
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