Can high-resolution ultrasound replace magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing TMJ disc displacement? The gold standard for confirming temporomandibular joint derangement or anterior disc displacement is magnetic resonance imaging. This technique clearly identifies and locates the position of the disc relative to the condyle in open and closed positions. However, MRI is expensive and is not readily available in some regions of the world. High-resolution sonography or ultrasound has been gaining popularity as a noninvasive and relatively less expensive method of diagnosing certain soft tissue relationships within the body. Could high-resolution ultrasound replace MRI in the diagnosis of TMJ disc
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DOI: 10.2319/111709-651.1
To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the active treatment effects for maxillary advancement induced by bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) and the active treatment effects for face mask in association with rapid maxillary expansion (RME/FM). This is a study on consecutively treated patients. The changes in dentoskeletal cephalometric variables from start of treatment (T1) to end of active treatment (T2) with an average T1–T2 interval of about 1 year were contrasted in a BAMP sample of 21 subjects with a RME/FM sample of 34 patients. All subjects were prepubertal at T1. Statistical comparison was performed with t-tests for independent samples. The BAMP protocol produced significantly larger maxillary advancement than the RME/FM therapy (with a difference of 2 mm to 3 mm). Mandibular sagittal changes were similar, while vertical changes were better controlled with BAMP. The sagittal intermaxillary relationships improved 2.5 mm more in the BAMP patients. Additional favorable outcomes of BAMP treatment were the lack of clockwise rotation of the mandible as well as a lack of retroclination of the lower incisors. The hypothesis is rejected. The BAMP protocol produced significantly larger maxillary advancement than the RME/FM therapy.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/021010-86.1
To evaluate the success of osseointegrated implants under immediate prosthetic and orthodontic forces after a follow-up period of at least 2 years. The sample included 20 titanium implants which were used as orthodontic and prosthetic anchorage of immediately loaded single-crowns on a total of 13 patients. A 40 N initial torque was considered the minimum for inclusion in the sample. All implants received screwed provisional crowns immediately after surgery. The implants were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (9 implants) and the immediate orthodontic loading group (11 implants). A healing period of 4 months was observed before orthodontic loads were applied to the control group implants. For the immediate orthodontic loading group, orthodontic forces were applied within 24 hours. The maximum orthodontic force applied in both groups was 200 g. After 6 months of orthodontic movement, clinical and radiographic evaluations were obtained. Implants were considered successful when favorable results were obtained in all evaluations. After a 2-year follow-up, the success rates were 90.9% and 88.9%, respectively, in the orthodontic loading group and the control group. Each group had one failure. Shortening the healing period for the application of orthodontic forces did not seem to affect the success of osseointegrated implants used as anchorage.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/092909-474.1
To develop a system that automatically recognizes the dentoskeletal traits on cephalograms recorded for preadolescent children and to examine performance reliability. We obtained 859 lateral cephalograms and divided them into group P (400 films taken from orthodontic patients having permanent dentition) and group M (459 films taken from those having mixed dentition). Fifty-nine cephalograms in group M were reserved for system test, and the remaining cephalograms in groups M and P were used for system development. Using a previously reported method (Yagi and Shibata, 2003), systems SM and SP+M were developed with the knowledge generated from groups M and P+M (combined sample of groups M and P), respectively. The system SP that had been developed for cephalograms of permanent dentition in our previous report was also employed for comparison. To evaluate performance reliability, the systems examined the 59 reserved cephalograms. The areas of each system-identified anatomic structure surrounding the anatomic landmarks and the positions of each system-identified landmark were compared with the norms in the form of confidence ellipses. The success rates were calculated for SP, SM, and SP+M. The systems successfully identified all of the specified anatomic structures in all of the images. The systems SP, SM, and SP+M determined the landmark positions with a mean success rate of 69% (range, 38–98%), 82% (range, 50–100%), and 82% (range, 58–100%), respectively. Systems SM and SP+M were confirmed to be accurate and reliable in recognizing the anatomic features on the cephalograms of preadolescent children.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/103009-607.1
The hypothesis to be tested is that peak-insertion torque of self-drilling micro-implants of an appropriate diameter correlates with peak-removal torque mechanically. A total of 360 self-drilling micro-implants composed of five different types were used. They (24 of each group) were inserted in three types of artificial bone with the use of a driving torque tester at a speed of 15 rpm. Insertion torque was measured during the placement, while the removal torque was measured within 3 days after insertion. Most of the micro-implants in type A sheared before they were completely inserted in 40–pounds per cubic foot bone. The implants in other types were successfully inserted without implant breakage and bone fracture in all bone densities. There was a statistically significant correlation between insertion torque and removal torque (r ≥ 0.43543, P = .0001). There were significant differences in insertion and removal torque among the diameters of implants and bone densities with an increasing tendency. The torque loss rates reduced as the diameter of the implant and bone density increased. Micro-implants with a diameter of less than 1.3 mm are unsuitable for insertion into a bone with a density greater than 40 pounds per cubic foot mechanically when one is using a self-drilling technique.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/120609-700.1
The study had two objectives: (1) to measure the maximum loading capacity of a new skeletal orthodontic anchorage, designated the “bone-bonding anchorage,” and (2) to study its histological basis. A total of 81 bone-bonding anchorages were fixed onto the surface of the tibia of 12 big-ear white rabbits with N-2-butyl cyanoacrylate. The 12 animals were divided into groups designated as the immediate, 2-week, 4-week, and 8-week after-surgery groups. The maximum loading capacity of each group was measured, and histological changes were observed. The results indicate a tendency toward an initial decrease and then an increase in the maximum loading capacity of the bone-bonding anchorage. The mean value of the 8-week group reached 45.69 N, which can satisfy orthodontic clinical needs. Histologically, new bone formation was found around the base of the bone-bonding anchorage, which wrapped the base until it was bone-buried, creating the histological basis of the maximum loading capacity. In the experiment, the total failure rate of the bone-bonding anchorage was 13.6%, and no failure occurred in the immediate and 8-week groups. The loading capacity of the bone-bonding anchorage is sufficient for orthodontic use, but whether or not it can be applied to clinical practice merits further study.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/090909-510.1
To measure condylar displacement between centric relation (CR) and maximum intercuspation (MIC) in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. The sample comprised 70 non-deprogrammed individuals, divided equally into two groups, one symptomatic and the other asymptomatic, grouped according to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD). Condylar displacement was measured in three dimensions with the condylar position indicator (CPI) device. Dahlberg's index, intraclass correlation coefficient, repeated measures analysis of variance, analysis of variance, and generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis. A greater magnitude of difference was observed on the vertical plane on the left side in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals (P = .033). The symptomatic group presented higher measurements on the transverse plane (P = .015). The percentage of displacement in the mesial direction was significantly higher in the asymptomatic group than in the symptomatic one (P = .049). Both groups presented a significantly higher percentage of mesial direction on the right side than on the left (P = .036). The presence of bilateral condylar displacement (left and right sides) in an inferior and distal direction was significantly greater in symptomatic individuals (P = .012). However, no statistical difference was noted between genders. Statistically significant differences between CR and MIC were quantifiable at the condylar level in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/093009-545.1
To determine the changes in the position and form of the temporomandibular joint articular disc in adolescents with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrognathism treated with the Herbst appliance (phase I) and fixed orthodontic appliance (phase II). Thirty-two consecutive adolescents went through phase I of treatment and 23 completed phase II. The temporomandibular joints were evaluated qualitatively by means of magnetic resonance images at the beginning of treatment (T1), during phase I (T2), at the end of phase I (T3), and at the end of phase II (T4). Significant changes in disc position were not observed with the mouth closed between T1 × T3 (P = .317), T3 × T4 (P = .287), or T1 × T4 (P = .261). At T2, on average, the disc was positioned regressively. With the mouth open, no difference was observed between T1 × T3 (P = .223) or T1 × T4 (P = .082). We did observe a significant difference between T3 × T4 (P < .05). Significant changes in the disc form were found with the mouth closed between T1 × T2 (P < .001) and T2 × T3 (P < .001). At the end of the two-phase treatment, in general terms, the position and form of the initial articular discs were maintained; however, in some temporomandibular joints some seemingly adverse effects were observed at T4.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/090109-496.1
To characterize postorthodontic settling of the posterior occlusion of patients wearing Hawley retainers vs patients who initially wore Perfector retainers and then switched to Hawley retainers. This follow-up study was based on 40 patients (25 Perfector and 15 Hawley), who were part of a larger sample of 50 patients randomly assigned to wear either Hawley or Perfector retainers. The Perfector patients were given Hawley retainers 2 months after retainer delivery. Occlusal bite registrations were scanned and traced to quantify posterior areas of contact and near contact (ACNC). A seven-item questionnaire was used to assess the patient's perception of occlusion. Measurements were obtained at the on the day of retainer delivery, 2 months post delivery, 6 months post delivery, and 8 months post delivery. ACNC increased significantly (P < .05) during the first 6 months of retainer wear. The ACNC of the Hawley and Perfector/Hawley groups increased by 129% and 105%, respectively, over 8 months of retention. The greatest increases in ACNC occurred during the first 2 months. The ACNC further increased between 2 and 6 months in both groups. The Perfector/Hawley group also showed slight increases in ACNC between 6 and 8 months. Overall group differences were not statistically significant. The Perfector/Hawley group perceived greater improvements in occlusion than the Hawley group, but group differences after 8 months were small. Substantial amounts of settling occurred at decelerating rates during the first 6 months after retainer delivery. No significant differences in ACNC were found between the Hawley and Perfector/Hawley groups after 8 months of retainer wear.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/111709-650.1
To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between craniofacial measurements of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and normal controls. A cephalometric analysis including additional landmarks and measurements to study specific craniofacial features was undertaken on pretreatment cephalograms of 25 patients with DS (12 male, 13 female; mean age 15.1 years) treated at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Measurements were compared with those from cephalograms of racial groups age and gender matched, normal, Class I children, available from the Burlington Growth Center. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests. Large reductions were measured in the size and spatial relationships of craniofacial structures in the DS group. The greatest differences included a larger cranial base angle; reduced elevation of sella from FHP; reduced anterior and posterior cranial base lengths; reduced anterior and posterior face heights; smaller maxilla with reduced anterior basal and apical dimensions; and smaller mandibular ramus, body and symphyseal dimensions and proclined symphysis. Maxillary incisors were severely proclined and undererupted, while mandibular incisors were undererupted. Alveolar heights were reduced. Anterior open bite was frequently noted. Maxillary and mandibular planes exhibited forward rotation patterns, promoting overclosure. Mandibular hypoplasia was less severe than cranial base and maxillary hypoplasia. Hypodontia of one or more permanent teeth was found in 92% of the sample. The null hypothesis was rejected. Significant hypoplasia in endochondral, mesodermal, and ectomesenchymal derived structures of the cranium and face in subjects with DS was clearly evident. More severe platybasia than previously reported was found.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/120309-694.1
To evaluate and compare the nasal airway changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and fan-type RME using acoustic rhinometry (AR). The study sample consisted of three groups. The RME group comprised 15 subjects with maxillary transverse discrepancies and posterior crossbites. The fan-type RME group comprised 15 subjects, who had an anteriorly constricted maxilla with a normal intermolar width. The third group included 15 patients who had an ideal occlusion and received no orthodontic treatment and served as the control group. AR was used to measure nasal volume and the minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) before expansion (T1), after expansion (T2), and 6 months after expansion (T3). Each AR recording was performed with and without the use of a decongestant. Two-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences among the groups and three-way analysis of variance was used for the differences between groups. If evidence of statistically significant differences was found, a Bonferroni test was used. The results showed that nasal volume and MCA were significantly increased with RME and fan-type RME immediately after expansion (P < .05). At the end of retention, nasal volume and MCA values of RME showed significant differences with both expansion fan-type RME and control groups (P < .05). RME and fan-type RME had similar effects on the nasal airway immediately after expansion. The increase in nasal volume and MCA was more stable in the RME group than in the fan-type RME group at the end of the retention period.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/112009-659.1
To compare changes in maxillary position assessed from a maxillary implant and three cephalometric methods based on linear measurements. Series of tracings of the maxilla obtained around puberty from an implant study were analyzed. The displacement of the implant was used to determine the direction and amount of “actual” maxillary growth. Displacement of point A was measured according to three cephalometric methods. The values obtained from absolute, horizontal, and vertical displacement of point A by three cephalometric methods and by the implant method were compared. Results showed that estimation of displacement of the maxilla by three cephalometric methods (point A) was significantly larger than that of the implant method in all directions. The average difference in the horizontal plane was 0.7 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1.6 mm, respectively; the average difference in the vertical plane was 2.2 mm, 2.5 mm, and 3.6 mm, respectively. Estimations of changes in maxillary position by the implant method and by cephalometric methods were not proportional. All three cephalometric methods overestimated changes in the position of the maxilla.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/102809-604.1
The force moment providing rotation of the tooth around the x-axis (buccal-lingual) is referred to as torque expression in orthodontic literature. Many factors affect torque expression, including the wire material characteristics. This investigation aims to provide an experimental study into and comparison of the torque expression between wire types. With a worm-gear–driven torquing apparatus, wire was torqued while a bracket mounted on a six-axis load cell was engaged. Three 0.019 × 0.0195 inch wire (stainless steel, titanium molybdenum alloy [TMA], copper nickel titanium [CuNiTi]), and three 0.022 inch slot bracket combinations (Damon 3MX, In-Ovation-R, SPEED) were compared. At low twist angles (<12 degrees), the differences in torque expression between wires were not statistically significant. At twist angles over 24 degrees, stainless steel wire yielded 1.5 to 2 times the torque expression of TMA and 2.5 to 3 times that of nickel titanium (NiTi). At high angles of torsion (over 40 degrees) with a stiff wire material, loss of linear torque expression sometimes occurred. Stainless steel has the largest torque expression, followed by TMA and then NiTi.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/101509-577.1
To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of three different resin-modified orthodontic band adhesives. Three resin-modified orthodontic band adhesives (Bisco Ortho Band Paste LC™, Multi-Cure Glass Ionomer Band Cement™, and Transbond Plus Light Cure Band Adhesive™) were prepared and the samples were extracted in 3 mL of Basal Medium Eagle with 10% newborn calf serum for 24 hours. The L929 cells were plated (25,000 cells/mL) in wells of 96-well dishes and maintained in a humidified incubator for 24 hours at 37°C, 5% CO2, and 95% air. After 24-hour incubation of the cells, the incubation medium was replaced by the immersed medium in which the samples were stored. Then L929 cells were incubated in contact with eluates for 24 hours. The cell mitochondrial activity was evaluated by the methyltetrazolium test. Twelve wells were used for each specimen, and methyltetrazolium tests were applied two times. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey Honestly Significantly Different tests. Results with L929 fibroblasts demonstrated that all freshly prepared resin-modified orthodontic band adhesive materials reduced vital cell numbers (P > .05), in comparison to the control group. Our data demonstrate that all materials showed significant cytotoxicity compared to the control group. The results indicate that all materials showed significant cytotoxicity compared to the control group, and further studies using different test methods are needed for all resin-modified orthodontic band adhesives.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/021210-90.1
To evaluate whether mandibular setback surgery (MSS) for Class III patients would produce gradients of three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue changes in the vertical and transverse aspects. The samples consisted of 26 Class III patients treated with MSS using bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Lateral cephalograms and 3D facial scan images were taken before and 6 months after MSS, and changes in landmarks and variables were measured using a Rapidform 2006. Paired and independent t-tests were performed for statistical analysis. Landmarks in the upper lip and mouth corner (cheilion, Ch) moved backward and downward (respectively, cupid bow point, 1.0 mm and 0.3 mm, P < .001 and P < .01; alar curvature-Ch midpoint, 0.6 mm and 0.3 mm, both P < .001; Ch, 3.4 mm and 0.8 mm, both P < .001). However, landmarks in stomion (Stm), lower lip, and chin moved backward (Stm, 1.6 mm; labrale inferius [Li], 6.9 mm; LLBP, 6.9 mm; B′, 6.7 mm; Pog′, 6.7 mm; Me′, 6.6 mm; P < .001, respectively). Width and height of upper and lower lip were not altered significantly except for a decrease of lower vermilion height (Stm-Li, 1.7 mm, P < .001). Chin height (B′-Me′) was decreased because of backward and upward movement of Me′ (3.1 mm, P < .001). Although upper lip projection angle and Stm-transverse projection angle became acute (ChRt-Ls-ChLt, 5.7°; ChRt-Stm-ChLt, 6.4°, both P < .001) because of the greater backward movement of Ch than Stm, lower lip projection angle and Stm-vertical projection angle became obtuse (ChRt-Li-ChLt, 10.8°; Ls-Stm-Li, 23.5°, both P < .001) because of the larger backward movement of Li than labrale superius (Ls). Three-dimensional soft tissue changes in Class III patients after MSS exhibited increased gradients from upper lip and lower lip to chin as well as from Stm to Ch.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/011910-38.1
To test the hypothesis that immunohistochemical changes in expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the periodontal ligament do not change with age. Thirty male Wistar-ST rats were divided into growing groups (5, 9, and 15 weeks of age) and aging groups (6, 12, and 18 months of age). Serial sagittal sections (5 µm thick) were cut parallel at the distobuccal roots of the maxillary first molar. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and rabbit polyclonal antibodies to basic fibroblast growth factor. The number and the area of basic fibroblast growth factor–immunoreactive cells in the periodontal ligament of the maxillary first molar decreased with age. The number of basic fibroblast growth factor–immunoreactive cells was much greater in the root furcation area, which experiences the greatest effect of occlusal force. Regardless of age, the production of basic fibroblast growth factor in the periodontal ligament may occur subject to functional demand. The hypothesis is rejected. The expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the periodontal ligament decreased with age.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/101609-578.1
To detect myofibroblast formation on the tension side during orthodontic tooth movement in vivo and myofibroblast expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) induced by tension both in vivo and in vitro. Fifty 6-week male rats were used in this in vivo study, and the right maxillary first molar was moved mesially, which served as the experimental group, and the left maxillary first molar served as the control. Rats were sacrificed at days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 after force loading. Myofibroblasts, identified with α-SMA, were examined through immunohistochemistry. For the in vitro study, human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts were obtained. Cyclic mechanical tension was applied to the fibroblasts for 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the ultrastructure of myofibroblasts. α-SMA mRNA gene expression was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of α-SMA was detected by immunofluorescence and quantified by Western blotting. In vivo, the myofibroblasts expressing α-SMA were identified both in the experimental group and in the control group. The expressions of α-SMA were increased in the tension areas of the experimental group over time, and reached the maximum in day 14. In vitro, fibronexus junctions and actin microfilaments in the cells could be found with transmission electron microscopy. Cyclic mechanical tension could significantly induce α-SMA expression at 12 hours (P < .01) than the controls. Myofibroblasts existed in the PDL. The expressions of α-SMA in the myofibroblasts were significantly up regulated under tension both in vivo and in vitro.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/112609-672.1
To test the hypothesis that no differences exist in dental arch dimensions between dentoalveolar Classes I, II, and III, and between male and female subjects, as measured on virtual three-dimensional (3D) models. Samples included randomly selected plaster dental casts of 137 white patients (43 Class I, 50 Class II, and 44 Class III) from the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Dental models were scanned and digitized using ATOS II SO (“Small Objects”) scanning technology (GOM mbH, Braunschweig, Germany). Eight linear and two proportional measurements were calculated for both upper and lower dental arches. In men, a significant difference in the upper dental arch was present in the incisor region, and in the lower dental arch, differences were found in intercanine and intermolar widths (P < .05). Significant differences were noted between male groups in the upper molar depth dimension (P = .022) and in the lower molar and canine depth dimensions (P < .05). Class III males had the greatest lower molar and canine width/depth ratios and the smallest lower canine depth/molar depth ratio. Class III women had wider and shorter mandibular arches when compared with Class I and Class II females. The hypothesis was rejected. The dimensions of the dental arches are related to gender and to dentoalveolar class. Class I and II subjects have similar dimensions of maxillary dental arch, but Class II subjects have a transverse deficit in the mandible. In Class III subjects, the maxillary dental arch is insufficient in transverse and sagittal dimensions, and the mandibular arch dominates in the transverse but not in the sagittal dimension.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/010410-10.1
To compare the different methods of pain control intervention during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. A computerized literature search was performed in MEDLINE (1966–2009), The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2009), EMBASE (1984–2009), and CNKI (1994–2009) to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for pain reduction during orthodontic treatment. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and a quality assessment was carried out. The Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan5 software was used for data analysis. The Cochrane Oral Health Group's statistical guidelines were followed. Twenty-six RCTs were identified and six trials including 388 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that ibuprofen had a pain control effect at 6 hours and at 24 hours after archwire placement compared with the placebo group. The standard mean difference was −0.47 and −0.48, respectively. There was no difference in pain control between ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin. Other analgesics such as tenoxicam and valdecoxib had relatively lower visual analog scale (VAS) scores in pain perception. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was also an effective approach for pain relief with VAS scores of 3.30 in the LLLT group and 7.25 in the control group. Analgesics are still the main treatment modality to reduce orthodontic pain despite their side effects. Some long-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX-2) inhibitors are recommended for their comparatively lesser side effects. Their preemptive use is promising. Other approaches such as LLLT have aroused researchers' attention.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/110509-624.1
To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse on the remineralization of bovine incisor by circularly polarized images. Eighty bovine incisors, each with a 4 × 4 mm artificially demineralized area, were used. The samples were divided into four groups: Group A, casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse; Group B, fluoride toothpaste; Group C, casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse and fluoride toothpaste; and Group D, no treatment. Circularly polarized images were taken after the specimens were treated for 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks, and the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level were measured. Data analysis was done using repeated measures variance analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate the correlation between the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level. In all four groups, the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level declined with time. The size of the demineralized area of Group C was significantly smaller than that of Group A at the end of the third and sixth weeks (P = .039, P = .000, respectively), and the mean grey level of Group C was lower than that of Group A at the end of the 6th and 12th weeks (P = .037, P = .004, respectively). At the end of the 6th, 9th, and 12th weeks, the size of the demineralized area of Group C was smaller (P = .000, P = .005, P = .005, respectively) and the mean grey level was lower (P = .000) than those of Group B. No statistically significant correlations were detected between the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level. Casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse can reduce the size and mean grey level of demineralized areas and promote the remineralization of bovine enamel. Combined application with fluoride toothpaste strengthens the effect.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/121009-709.1
To determine (1) the optimal sites for mini-implant placement in the maxilla and the mandible based on dimensional mapping of the interradicular spaces and cortical bone thickness and (2) The effect of age and sex on the studied anatomic measurements. The cone beam computed tomography images of 100 patients (46 males, 54 females) divided into two age groups (13–18 years), and (19–27 years) were used. The following interradicular measurements were performed: (1) Buccolingual bone thickness; (2) Mesiodistal spaces both buccally and palatally/lingually; and (3) Buccal and palatal/lingual cortical thicknesses. In the maxilla, the highest buccolingual thickness existed between first and second molars; the highest mesiodistal buccal/palatal distances were between the second premolar and the first molar. The highest buccal cortical thickness was between the first and second premolars. The highest palatal cortical thickness was between central and lateral incisors. In the mandible, the highest buccolingual and buccal cortical thicknesses were between the first and second molars. The highest mesiodistal buccal distance was between the second premolar and the first molar. The highest mesiodistal lingual distance was between the first and second premolars. The highest lingual cortical thickness was between the canine and the first premolar. The males and the older age group had significantly higher buccolingual, buccal, and palatal cortical thicknesses at specific sites and levels in the maxilla and the mandible. A clinical guideline for optimal sites for mini-implant placement is suggested. Sex and age affected the anatomic measurements in certain areas in the maxilla and the mandible.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/012110-44.1
To ascertain the number, type, and overall usage of statistics in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial (AJODO) articles for 2008. These data were then compared to data from three previous years: 1975, 1985, and 2003. The frequency and distribution of statistics used in the AJODO original articles for 2008 were dichotomized into those using statistics and those not using statistics. Statistical procedures were then broadly divided into descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, range, percentage) and inferential statistics (t-test, analysis of variance). Descriptive statistics were used to make comparisons. In 1975, 1985, 2003, and 2008, AJODO published 72, 87, 134, and 141 original articles, respectively. The percentage of original articles using statistics was 43.1% in 1975, 75.9% in 1985, 94.0% in 2003, and 92.9% in 2008; original articles using statistics stayed relatively the same from 2003 to 2008, with only a small 1.1% decrease. The percentage of articles using inferential statistical analyses was 23.7% in 1975, 74.2% in 1985, 92.9% in 2003, and 84.4% in 2008. Comparing AJODO publications in 2003 and 2008, there was an 8.5% increase in the use of descriptive articles (from 7.1% to 15.6%), and there was an 8.5% decrease in articles using inferential statistics (from 92.9% to 84.4%).Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/022210-110.1
To evaluate the dental and skeletal effects of chin cup using two different force magnitudes in the management of Class III malocclusion cases. Fifty growing patients (26 males and 24 females) with skeletal Class III and mandibular prognathism were selected. The patients were divided into three groups. Patients in group 1 (n = 20) were treated with a chin cup and occlusal bite plane using 600 g of force per side. Patients in group 2 (n = 20) were subjected to the same treatment as in group 1 but using 300 g of force per side. In group 3 (n = 10) no treatment was performed. For all patients, lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment and after 1 year. Cephalograms were traced and analyzed. The collected data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test. In the treatment groups, the SNB angle and ramus height decreased significantly. The ANB angle, Wits appraisal, anterior facial height, mandibular plane angle, and retroclination of the mandibular incisors were significantly increased in comparison to the control group. Utilization of either force showed no significant differences, except that the reduction in the ramus height was significantly greater with the use of higher force. The use of a chin cup improved the maxillomandibular base relationship in growing patients with Class III malocclusion but with little skeletal effect. The utilization of either force had the same effects, except that the higher force had a more pronounced effect in reduction of ramus height.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/022310-113.1
To compare, in vitro, the shear bond strength (SBS) of two bond systems: Transbond XT/XT primer (TXT/XT) and Transbond Plus Color Change/Transbond Self Etching Primer (TPCC/TSEP). Each system was examined under four enamel surface conditions (dry, water, saliva, and blood), and 160 bovine teeth were divided into eight groups of 20 according to enamel surface condition. Group 1 used TPCC/TSEP and Group 2 used TXT/XT under dry conditions; Group 3 used TPCC/TSEP and Group 4 used TXT/XT with water; Group 5 used TPCC/TSEP and Group 6 used TXT/XT under saliva; and Group 7 used TPCC/TSEP and Group 8 used TXT/XT with blood. Brackets were bonded, and the samples were thermocycled 500 times between 5°C and 55°C; they were then submitted to a shear bond test with a universal testing machine with a 50 kgf load cell at 5 mm/min. Although water and saliva affected TXT/XT more than they affected TPCC/TSEP, there were no significant differences among the groups (Groups 3 and 4: P = .940; Groups 3 and 5 and Groups 4 and 6: P = 1.000; Groups 3 and 6: P = .988; Groups 4 and 5: P = .690; and Groups 5 and 6: P = .861). The presence of blood resulted in the lowest SBS from both bond systems, but especially from TXT/XT. TPCC/TSEP resulted in a higher SBS than TXT/XT under all conditions except the dry enamel surface.Abstract
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Case Reports
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DOI: 10.2319/110109-612.1
The aim of this case report was to present and evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy on traumatized permanent teeth with extrusive luxation in an orthodontic patient. The treatment and follow-up evaluation of two orally luxated maxillary permanent central incisors in a 19-year-old man is described. Detailed anamnesis was taken, and extraoral, intraoral, radiographic examinations and electrical and thermal pulpal tests were performed to determine the type of the luxation and the further treatment protocol. Teeth were splinted with composite resin, and antibiotic therapy was prescribed. Low-level laser therapy was applied for 25 sessions. No root canal treatment was applied to the teeth. Continuation of the orthodontic treatment was restarted after 6 months. No sign of clinical or radiographic pathology was detected after 2 years from the end of the treatment. Teeth were identified healthy and sound without any root canal intervention. Treatments with low-level laser applications may be evaluated as noninvasive alternative treatment options in comparison with endodontic treatment for teeth with extrusive luxation more than 2 mm, especially for those who have orthodontic treatment needs.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/110409-620.1
We incidentally encountered an anomaly of the cervical vertebrae during orthodontic examination of an 8-year-old boy with cleft lip and palate. Klippel-Feil syndrome was diagnosed by the orthopedic specialist to whom he had been referred for detailed examination. This case report shows the results of axial multislice-helical computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstructions of the cervical vertebrae. Furthermore, we evaluated the frequency of congenital anomalies on lateral cephalogram in patients with cleft lip and palate or cleft palate and non-cleft controls from among all patients in our orthodontic clinic.Abstract
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DOI: 10.2319/011910-33.1
To systematically review the relationship between malocclusions and masticatory performance. In addition, we will perform a qualitative analysis of the methodological soundness of the studies. A literature survey was done by applying the Medline database (www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov) in the period from January 1965 to June 2009, using the “Medical Subject Headings” term malocclusion crossed with various combinations of the following terms: masticatory performance, masticatory efficiency, and chewing efficiency. The articles were separated into two main topics: (1) the influence of malocclusion treatment (orthognathic surgery) and (2) the influence of malocclusion type and severity. The search strategy used identified 78 articles. After selection according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 12 articles qualified for the final analysis. The research quality and methodological soundness were high in one study, medium in 10 studies, and low in one study. The most serious shortcomings comprised the clinical trials and controlled clinical trials designs with small sample sizes and inadequate description of selection criteria. Lack of method error analysis and the absence of blinding in measurements were other examples of shortcomings. Malocclusions cause decreased masticatory performance, especially as it relates to reduced occlusal contacts area. The influence of malocclusion treatment (orthognathic surgery) on masticatory performance is only measurable 5 years after treatment.Abstract
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Guest Editorial
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Nothing in the landscape of orthodontic practice is more trivialized today than are intraoral elastics. Supply companies sell us therapeutic medical-grade rubber bands coded as different countries, animals, colors, nicknames, or sports. They divide our choices further into arbitrary force categories of light, medium, and heavy. While the manufacturers usually provide numerical force values for the basic categories, their numbers seldom agree. Yet, this is the system by which we critically determine our selection of intraoral elastics for the correction of various forms of malocclusion. How often do we pause to scrutinize this shallow, pseudoscientific system we casually embrace to
Lip incompetence resolved by active vertical control in nonsurgical treatment of a protrusion case with vertical maxillary excess
Johnny JL Liaw,
Jae Hyun Park,
Fang Fang Tsai,
Betty MY Tsai, and
Wendy WT Liao
Changes in glenoid fossa of adult female patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion during premolar extraction treatment and mini-implant anchorage: a cone-beam computed tomography study
Xiao-Chuan Fan,
Lin-Sha Ma,
Marco Aoqi Rausch,
Li Chen,
Qing Zhang,
Diwakar Singh,
Xiaohui Rausch-Fan, and
Xiao-Feng Huang
Differences in the cooperation of teenagers for orthodontic treatment: Z Generation versus Y Generation
Nitsan Miron,
Nir Shpack,
Michael V. Joachim, and
Amir Laviv
Miniscrew-assisted slow palatal expansion with bone borne expander in adult patients: a case control study on consecutively treated patients
Niki Arveda,
Marco Migliorati,
Anna De Mari,
Filippo Forin Valvecchi,
Irene Schiavetti,
Fabio Annarumma,
Giovanni Battista, and
Hussein Aghazada
Influence of personalized replacement protocol and low-level laser therapy combined with vibration on tooth movement rate and tooth movement accuracy in clear aligner treatment: a randomized clinical trial
Zeyao Miao,
Liling Ren,
Haijuan Zhang,
Chengdong Zheng,
Yuxuan Yang,
Jinyuan Zhu,
Yandong Han, and
Shuang Wang
eISSN: 1945-7103 | ISSN: 0003-3219
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