Our increasingly diverse society demands great sensitivity and flexibility to accommodate the complex self-understandings of peoples within the multicultural milieu in which we practice. It is certainly the rare orthodontist who believes he or she has biased assumptions when dealing with patients of differing ethnicities. We are trained in our residencies to operate using long-established norms and values to provide appropriate treatment for everyone. Our profession also demands that we base our plan of action upon established orthodontic guidelines. However, these guidelines are not always appropriate in every situation. Errors in communication, planning, and execution may develop despite orthodontists being
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DOI: 10.2319/051013-355.1
To investigate the content of orthodontic-related Twitter posts in order to improve our understanding of orthodontic patients' perceptions and treatment experiences. Some 131 consecutive posts were collected from Twitter over a 5-day period. Twitter's advanced-search function was used to limit the sampling frame to New Zealand. The posts were qualitatively analyzed for themes using discourse analysis. Four main themes were identified: (1) excitement about getting braces off, (2) problems with braces, (3) positive comments about braces, and (4) negative comments about braces. Various language tools and symbols were often used to convey different degrees of emotion. The present study explores these themes and discusses how they relate to modern-age orthodontics. This is the first study to qualitatively analyze orthodontic-related posts in the social media era. Our findings suggest that orthodontic patients use social media sites such as Twitter to convey positive and negative feelings about braces.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/062813-481.1
To determine if text message reminders regarding oral hygiene compliance have an influence on the level of compliance within an orthodontic population. In this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, 42 orthodontic patients were assigned to a text message or control group. Parents of patients assigned to the text message group received a reminder text message one weekday each week. Oral hygiene compliance was measured using bleeding index (BI), modified gingival index (MGI), and plaque index (PI), and visual examination of white spot lesion (WSL) development at baseline (T0), two appointments after baseline (T1), and four appointments after baseline (T2). BI, MGI, and PI scores were significantly lower in the text message group than in the control group at T2. A text message reminder system is effective for improving oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/032013-226.1
To analyze the perception of smile esthetics and its alterations in dental degree students; to determine whether there are differences in that perception among students in different study years on those courses and between genders; and to determine if the circumstance of having received prior orthodontic treatment could influence that perception. Students (n = 192) in different study years of the dental degree course at the University of Valencia, Spain, analyzed two photographs of a patient in which, by means of computer software, midline diastema, upper and lower midlines, crown length of the maxillary right central incisor, occlusal cant, and “gummy” smile were altered. Students assessed the photographs on a scale from 1 to 10. Statistical analyses for assessing each group's level of perception were carried out. After checking the validity of the study, it was observed that the students' ability to detect alterations in smile esthetics did not improve over their degree courses, given that the differences do not present a linear development. There were no differences between genders and between those who had or had not undergone an orthodontic treatment. There are no statistically significant differences between the results of students in different study years or between genders. The circumstance of having undergone prior orthodontic treatment is not a determining factor in the ability to perceive such anomalies.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/051313-372.1
To test the null hypothesis that orthodontist characteristics and factors related to retainer choice do not influence the management of the retention phase with regard to frequency and duration of follow-up care provided. Orthodontists (n = 1000) were randomly selected to participate in an online survey divided into three categories: background, retainer choice, and time management. Of the 1000 selected participants, 894 responded. When deciding the type of retainer to use, the following were considered most frequently: pretreatment malocclusion (91%), patient compliance (87%), patient oral hygiene (84%), and patients' desires (81%). Orthodontists who considered the presence of third molars (P = .03) or “special needs” patients (P = .02) had significantly more follow-up visits than those who did not. When vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs) were prescribed, there were significantly fewer visits (P = .02) compared to when other types of retainers were used. As practitioner experience increased, so did the number of visits (P < .0001). Orthodontists who considered the primary responsibility of retention to fall on the patient had significantly fewer follow-up visits (P < .0001) than those who considered it either a joint or orthodontist-only responsibility. The null hypothesis was rejected because the number of follow-up visits during the retention phase was affected by practitioner experience, whether VFRs were used, whether the orthodontist considered the presence of third molars or special-needs patients when choosing the type of retainer, and to whom the orthodontist attributed responsibility during the retention phase.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/051513-373.1
To determine whether photos or silhouettes are adequate methods for evaluating the esthetic profiles of black subjects and whether black and white evaluators have different preferences for esthetic profiles. One photographic record of the profile of a black female patient with accentuated dental bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion was randomly selected. The image of the patient's profile was altered to produce a series of seven photos and seven silhouettes (a total of 14 images) with different lip positions but uniform distances in relation to the esthetic plane created by Ricketts (line E). Fifty black and 50 white lay evaluators were invited to enumerate the photos and silhouettes, produced according to the lip position, in the order in which they considered most esthetically pleasing. The number of preferences found to be within the esthetic norm was slightly higher among the photographs than among the silhouettes; the esthetic profile with a deviation of −2 mm from line E was elected as the most attractive, and the esthetic pattern with a deviation of +6 mm from the normal line E was considered the least attractive. There were no statistically significant differences between the preferences related to the variables race, sex, and educational background. The esthetic attractiveness of the facial profiles of black subjects in photos and silhouettes was evaluated in a similar manner among black and white evaluators. Among both black and white evaluators, the greatest preference was for the slightly concave profile, which was within the limit considered standard.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/041613-293.1
To evaluate the influence of vermilion height on the assessment of lip attractiveness by Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. Vermilion heights were modified by increasing or decreasing the vermilion height in 1.0-mm increments from −3.0 mm to 3.0 mm with reference to an average vermilion height. Participants ranged from 15 to 29 years of age and comprised 29 Japanese and 25 Korean orthodontists and 96 Japanese and 72 Korean orthodontic patients. They all rated the attractiveness of seven images with altered vermilion height using a visual analog scale. Across the participant groups, there were significant differences in the median esthetic scores for the seven vermilion height levels tested. The Japanese and Korean raters assigned the highest scores to the average vermilion height and assigned the lowest scores to the +3-mm increased vermilion height. The ranges of vermilion height preferred by orthodontists were found to be within the ranges preferred by orthodontic patients when evaluating the preferences in lip esthetics by country. We conclude that the −1-mm to +1-mm range for the average vermilion height is considered attractive for lips for both Japanese and Korean people.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/031213-212.1
To compare the esthetic preference of White and Chinese judges with regard to Chinese lip position. The profile images of a dental and skeletal Class I Chinese adult male and female were digitally adjusted to Chinese mean values. The lip profile was adjusted with the upper and lower lip at the mean distance from the Ricketts' E-line. These images were used as baseline images and were further digitally manipulated to generate six additional images with the upper and lower lip such that they lay 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 standard deviations (SDs) in front of or behind the E-line. An additional image was modified based on a White mean value. The images were viewed and ranked by 251 White and Chinese judges (dentists and laypersons) in Australia and China. Significantly more Chinese judges ranked the retrusive profiles higher than the White judges. The White judges also ranked the profile image adjusted to −0.5 SD as the most esthetic for both the female and male, while the Chinese judges ranked the −1.0 SD profile as the most esthetic. The ethnicity of the judges is a significant factor influencing the perception of esthetic lip position. The Chinese judges prefer a more retrusive profile and are more likely to rate a protrusive profile as unacceptable, compared with the White judges.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/030113-176
To assess the upper airway (UAW) total volume (TV), the nasopharyngeal narrowest area (NNA), and the oropharyngeal narrowest area (ONA) in patients with bronchial asthma. The sample consisted of 52 patients divided into two groups: the control group (n = 26; mean age = 14.85 years), which consisted of patients not suffering from bronchial asthma; and the asthmatic group (n = 26; mean age = 16.65 years), which consisted of patients with bronchial asthma. To assess UAW-related variables (TV, NNA, and ONA), cone-beam computed tomography scans of the patients were evaluated by means of the Dolphin Imaging software 11.5. All measurements were repeated after 30 days, and the results were submitted to reliability tests by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman agreement test. The values obtained for TV, NNA, and ONA for each group were compared by using Student's t-test for independent samples (5% level of significance). The results showed that the groups were matched concerning gender, cephalometric characteristics, and type of malocclusion. The asthmatic group had significantly lower TV (P = .01) and ONA (P = .007) than the control group. However, no significant difference was observed for NNA between the groups (P = .54). Bronchial asthma may be a determining factor for the reduction of UAW dimensions, as patients with asthma showed significant reductions in TV and ONA dimensions.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/042513-319.1
To evaluate how therapy with a fixed functional appliance affects airway dimensions, dentoalveolar changes, and tongue and hyoid positions. A retrospective study was carried out on 46 pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 23 post-peak Class II patients (12 girls, 11 boys) treated with a Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliance. The radiographies were taken at the start and at the end of Forsus FRD appliance therapy when a Class I or overcorrected Class I canine and molar relationship was achieved. The process took an average of 5 months 13 days ± 1 month 4 days. Skeletal and dental parameters were measured using Dolphin software, and the sagittal airway area was measured by AutoCAD software. Analyses of the pre- and posttreatment means revealed that there was no statistically significant skeletal correction of the sagittal malocclusion; increase of lower incisor inclination, decrease of upper incisor inclination, decrease of interincisal angle, and rotation of occlusal plane all contributed to the reduction of overjet. The tongue area and intermaxillary space area increased in response to these dentoalveolar changes; however, there was no statistically significant change in the hyoid position or the oropharyngeal area between the two time points. The dentoalveolar changes produced by Forsus FRD appliance did not cause any significant posterior airway changes in young adult patients.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/012313-71.1
To evaluate, by using cone beam computed tomography, the skeletal, dental, oropharyngeal (OP) airway volume, and nasal passage (NP) volume changes that occur after rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Two groups were selected, each with 35 patients (15 males, 20 females), an RME group (mean age, 14.02 ± 1.46 years) and a control group (mean age, 14.10 ± 1.44 years). The RME group consisted of patients with maxillary constriction who were treated with Hyrax palatal expanders, and the control group comprised age- and sex-matched patients who underwent comprehensive orthodontic treatment without the use of a rapid maxillary expander. All of the transverse skeletal (medial orbital width, lateral nasal width, maxillary width, and mandibular width) and interdental (intermolar, interpremolar, and intercanine) parameters were significantly enlarged in the RME group. A statistically significant increase in airway variables was seen in both groups between pretreatment (T0) and final records (T1). The mean increase of NP airway volume for the RME group (1719.9 ± 1510.7 mm3) was twofold compared with the control group (813.6 ± 1006.7 mm3), and no intergroup significant difference was found for the OP volume. Rapid maxillary expansion creates a significant increase in nasal passage airway volume but no significant change in the oropharyngeal airway volume.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/040313-255.1
To compare dental plaster model (DPM) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the measurement of the dental arches, and investigate whether CBCT image artifacts compromise the reliability of such measurements. Twenty patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of metallic restorations in the posterior teeth. Both dental arches of the patients were scanned with the CBCT unit i-CAT, and DPMs were obtained. Two examiners obtained eight arch measurements on the CBCT images and DPMs and repeated this procedure 15 days later. The arch measurements of each patient group were compared separately by the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney U) test, with a significance level of 5% (α = .05). Intraclass correlation measured the level of intraobserver agreement. Patients with healthy teeth showed no significant difference between all DPM and CBCT arch measurements (P > .05). Patients with metallic restoration showed significant difference between DPM and CBCT for the majority of the arch measurements (P > .05). The two examiners showed excellent intraobserver agreement for both measuring methods with intraclass correlation coefficient higher than 0.95. CBCT provided the same accuracy as DPM in the measurement of the dental arches, and was negatively influenced by the presence of image artifacts.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/031213-211.1
To evaluate the amount of buccal and lingual supporting bone tissue of 60 upper central incisors and the relationship with their inclination. Thirty healthy adult patients with no previous orthodontic treatment were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography. Cross-sectional views were analyzed to check the amount of the bone tissue on the cervical (cervical buccal thickness/CBT; lingual/CLT), middle (middle buccal thickness/MBT; lingual/MLT), and apical regions (apical buccal thickness/ABT; lingual/ALT). The Pearson correlation, linear regression, and analysis of variance tests were used (P < .05). The values of ABT of both teeth (11, right upper central incisor; 21, left upper central incisor) were significantly increased with the increase in the angle between the axis of the upper central incisor and the palatal plane (1/PP) (tooth 11 P = .034; tooth 21 P = .009), yet without a strong linear correlation. At the buccal and lingual surfaces, the mean apical supporting bone tissue was significantly greater than the other areas, and the middle region significantly greater than the cervical (P < .001). For both surfaces (buccal and lingual), the amount of bone tissue in the apical region was significantly higher than the middle and cervical regions, and the middle region was significantly higher than the cervical region. In relation to the upper central incisor's inclination, the higher the 1/PP the higher was ABT. However, the coefficient values for both teeth were low.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/062013-464.1
To investigate the constancy of the angle between the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH) and the sella-nasion line (SN) using longitudinal data. Longitudinal lateral cephalometric data of 223 children (116 girls and 107 boys) from 6 to 14 years of age were used. The angle between FH and SN (SNFH), the distance from FH to the nasion (NFH), the distance from FH to the sella (SFH), and the differences between the NFH and SFH (Δ) were also measured. All data were analyzed statistically using independent t-tests and mixed-effect regression model analysis. The mean SNFH values showed some minor fluctuations, ranging from 9.26° to 9.74° in girls and 8.45° to 8.95° in boys. The mean NFH and SFH values gradually increased according to age irrespective of sex. There were statistically significant differences by sex for all measurements at several ages. The annual change in SFH and Δ showed sexual dimorphism. There are variations among individuals in the angle between the FH and SN. However, within an individual, the angle does not vary significantly over time during the observation period.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/060913-436.1
To evaluate the clinical manifestation of and treatment modalities for this severe phenotype of infraocclusion and to examine relationships between deep submersion and the occurrence of other dental anomalies. The experimental sample consisted of 25 orthodontic patients with at least one deciduous molar in infraocclusion greater than 5 mm. Dental records were used to assess severity of infraocclusion, treatment modality, and presence of other dental anomalies (tooth agenesis, small maxillary lateral incisors, palatally displaced canines, and distal angulation of mandibular second premolars). The sample included 14 females and 11 males, age 7 to 14 years (mean age 10.1 years). The mean infraocclusion depth was 9 mm, with a range of 5–18 mm. The crowns of the adjacent teeth were severely tilted toward the infraoccluded tooth, space was lost in the dental arch, and the successor premolars were impacted in all cases. Treatment consisted of space regaining, surgical extraction of the deciduous molar, and space maintenance. The impacted premolar erupted spontaneously in 95% of the cases. There was a significant increase in prevalence of dental anomalies in the deep-submersion sample compared with that of reference values (P < .001). The treatment modality used in this sample resulted in spontaneous eruption of the impacted premolar in most cases. Markers for early diagnosis of deep submersion include other dental anomalies, severe tilt of adjacent teeth, and local space loss. The increased prevalence of other dental anomalies supports a shared genetic etiology.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/032213-234.1
To investigate the effect of externally applied cyclical (vibratory) forces on the rate of tooth movement, the structural integrity of the periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone remodeling. Twenty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were divided into four groups: CTRL (unloaded), VBO (molars receiving a vibratory stimulus only), TMO (molars receiving an orthodontic spring only), and TMO+VB (molars receiving an orthodontic spring and the additional vibratory stimulus). In TMO and TMO+VB groups, the rat first molars were moved mesially for 2 weeks using Nickel-Titanium coil spring delivering 25 g of force. In VBO and TMO+VB groups, cyclical forces at 0.4 N and 30 Hz were applied occlusally twice a week for 10 minutes. Microfocus X-ray computed tomography analysis and tooth movement measurements were performed on the dissected rat maxillae. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and collagen fiber assessment were performed on histological sections. Cyclical forces significantly inhibited the amount of tooth movement. Histological analysis showed marked disorganization of the collagen fibril structure of the periodontal ligament during tooth movement. Tooth movement caused a significant increase in osteoclast parameters on the compression side of alveolar bone and a significant decrease in bone volume fraction in the molar region compared to controls. Tooth movement was significantly inhibited by application of cyclical forces.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/030513-185.1
To assess the morphology and dimensions of mandibular symphysis (MS) in different anteroposterior jaw relationships and to investigate whether craniofacial parameters have any correlation with its shape and/or dimensions. Lateral cephalograms of subjects with Class I, Class II, and Class III skeletal relationships were traced. Several craniofacial and MS parameters were measured. MS parameters were compared between the three groups using analysis of variance and were correlated with the craniofacial parameters using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Larger angle of concavity of the chin, more inclination of the alveolar bone toward the mandibular plane, and larger MS dimensions and area (P < .001) were found with a Class III skeletal relationship compared to Class I and Class II relationships. The Pearson correlation coefficient between Id-Me and AFH was r = 0.83 and between Id-Me and LAFH it was r = 0.81. The dimensions and configuration of MS in the Class III relationship were different than those in Class I and Class II relationships; the alveolar part of MS compensated for the skeletal relationship in the Class III pattern. MS dimensions were strongly correlated to anterior facial dimensions.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/041613-295.1
To assess the association of several dental malocclusion features with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) click sounds in a population of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. Four hundred forty-two TMD patients (72% female; 32.2 ± 5.7 years, range 25–44 years) were divided into a TMJ clicking and a no-TMJ clicking group, based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) assessment. Seven occlusal features were recorded for each patient: (1) posterior crossbite, (2) overbite, (3) open bite, (4) overjet, (5) mediotrusive and (6) laterotrusive interferences and (7) retruded contact position to maximum intercuspation (RCP-MI) slide length. A logistic regression model was created to estimate the association of occlusal features with TMJ clicking. The difference between the groups as for the prevalence of the various occlusal features was generally not statistically significant, with minor exceptions. Mediotrusive interferences (P = .015) and RCP-MI slide ≥2 mm (P = .001) were the two occlusal features that were associated with the probability of having TMJ clicking, even if the adjusted odds ratios for TMJ clicking were low for both variables (1.63 and 1.89, respectively). Moreover, the amount of variance in the prevalence of TMJ clicking that was predicted by the final model was as low as 4.5% (R2 = 0.045). Findings from the present investigation suggested that in a population of TMD patients, the contribution of dental malocclusion features to predict TMJ click sounds is minimal with no clinical relevance.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/052113-387.1
To evaluate the effect of postoperative condylar axis changes on mandibular condylar remodeling by comparing the condylar head in three-dimensional (3D) surface reconstructions before and after surgery in skeletal Class III deformities (one-jaw [mandibular setback] or two-jaw surgery), and also to determine the relationship between condylar inward rotation and condylar surface remodeling after orthognathic surgery. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 30 patients with skeletal Class III deformities who had received orthognathic surgery. Group 1 underwent one-jaw surgery (10 men, five women, age 22.4 ± 3.3 years), and group 2 underwent two-jaw surgery (10 men, five women, age 22.3 ± 2.2 years). Sixty condyles were reconstructed and superimposed pre- and postoperatively to compare the changes of condylar surfaces. The relation between the condylar axis change and the surface change using the Pearson correlation were investigated from the 3D image software. Condylar surface changes before and after the surgery were significant. The postoperative inward rotation of the condyles was correlated with the average absolute deviation of the condyles, regardless of the surgery type (one- or 2-jaw surgery; r = .70, P < .05). After orthognathic surgery, condylar surface changes occurred, and condylar inward rotation was closely related to changes of condylar surface.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/050313-338.1
To propose a better statistical method of predicting postsurgery soft tissue response in Class II patients. The subjects comprise 80 patients who had undergone surgical correction of severe Class II malocclusions. Using 228 predictor and 64 soft tissue response variables, we applied two multivariate methods of forming prediction equations, the conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) method and the partial least squares (PLS) method. After fitting the equation, the bias and a mean absolute prediction error were calculated. To evaluate the predictive performance of the prediction equations, a leave-one-out cross-validation method was used. The multivariate PLS method provided a significantly more accurate prediction than the conventional OLS method. The multivariate PLS method was more satisfactory than the OLS method in accurately predicting the soft tissue profile change after surgical correction of severe Class II malocclusions.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/041513-288.1
To evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) skeletal changes in the mandibles of Class III patients treated with bone-anchored maxillary protraction using shape correspondence analysis. Twenty-five consecutive patients with skeletal Class III who were between the ages of 9 and 13 years (mean age, 11.10 ± 1.1 years) were treated using Class III intermaxillary elastics and bilateral miniplates (two in the infrazygomatic crests of the maxilla and two in the anterior mandible). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed for each patient before initial loading (T1) and at 1 year out (T2). From the CBCT scans, 3D models were generated, registered on the anterior cranial base, and analyzed using 3D linear distances and vectors between corresponding point-based surfaces. Bone-anchored traction produced anteroposterior and vertical skeletal changes in the mandible. The novel application of Shape correspondence analysis showed vectors of mean (± standard deviation) distal displacement of the posterior ramus of 3.6 ± 1.4 mm, while the chin displaced backward by 0.5 ± 3.92 mm. The lower border of the mandible at the menton region was displaced downward by 2.6 ± 1.2 mm, and the lower border at the gonial region moved downward by 3.6 ± 1.4 mm. There was a downward and backward displacement around the gonial region with a mean closure of the gonial angle by 2.1°. The condyles were displaced distally by a mean of 2.6 ± 1.5 mm, and there were three distinct patterns for displacement: 44% backward, 40% backward and downward, and 16% backward and upward. This treatment approach induces favorable control of the mandibular growth pattern and can be used to treat patients with components of mandibular prognathism.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/012913-87.1
To investigate the association between maxillofacial morphology and mandibular bone volume in patients with skeletal malocclusion. Subjects were 118 adult Japanese (58 males and 60 females). Skeletal malocclusion was classified, based on cephalometric analysis, into skeletal Classes I (−1° ≤ ANB < 4°), II (ANB ≥ 4°), and III (ANB < −1°). Using cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional image analysis software, the dental crowns and mandible were separated, with only the mandible extracted. This was then reconstructed as a three-dimensional model, from which the mandibular volume was measured. No significant difference in mandibular volume was noted among skeletal Classes I, II, and III, nor was there any significant correlation between mandibular volume and the ANB, SNB, or mandibular plane angles. There was occasional and limited correlation between mandible volume and gonial angle and certain cephalometric distance parameters. We conclude that proper understanding of the three-dimensional maxillofacial morphology requires not only cephalometric radiographic tracings but also high-resolution analysis of the mandibular area, width, and volume.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/032113-232.1
To compare the esthetic improvements of white-spot lesions (WSLs) treated by fluoride, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), or resin infiltration. WSLs were created on human enamel and randomly assigned to four groups: NaF (500 ppm), CPP-ACP, resin infiltration (Icon), or distilled deionized water (DDW; control group). The color change (ΔE) of each specimen was measured with a Crystaleye spectrophotometer, and fluorescence loss (ΔQ) was measured by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), at different time points after treatment: baseline (0 weeks), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks. The ΔE and ΔQ baseline values for the four groups before the treatments did not differ significantly. Icon treatment improved the WSL color significantly and gave the lowest ΔE (2.9 ± 1.2 on average) compared with other treatments (P < .01). The Icon treatment also resulted in a significant change in the ΔQ of WSLs compared with baseline (P < .01). In the NaF and CPP-ACP treatment groups, ΔQ showed significant recovery compared with the baseline values only after 4 weeks after treatment (P < .05). Resin infiltration is more effective than NaF or CPP-ACP in providing esthetic improvement of WSLs.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/031413-219.1
To measure the effects of first- and second-order gable bends on the forces and moments produced by a commercially available closing T-loop archwire. A dentoform-simulated space closure case was mounted on an orthodontic force tester. Sixteen gable bend combinations were placed in the archwires, which were then activated using standard clinical procedures. At each activation, the three force components and three moment components on the maxillary left lateral incisor and canine were simultaneously measured. The first- and second-order gable bends showed low load coupling effects when used independently, but the load systems became unpredictable when bends were combined. Gable bends affect the magnitudes and directions of the forces and moments that are applied to teeth. The resulting moment to force ratios are sensitive to the bends. Gable bends alter the orthodontic load systems; however, the three-dimensional interactions produce complex and unpredictable tradeoffs.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/021813-140.1
To compare the corrosion behavior of commercially available surface modified nickel titanium (NiTi) arch wires with respect to a conventional NiTi and to evaluate its association with surface characteristics. Five types of surface modified arch wires and a conventional NiTi arch wire, all from different manufacturers, were evaluated for their corrosion resistance from breakdown potential in an anodic polarization scan in Ringer's solution. Surface characteristics were determined from scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Duncan's multiple range tests were used to evaluate statistical significance. Surface modified NiTi wires showed significant improvement in corrosion resistance and reduction in surface roughness values. Breakdown potentials increased in the order of group 6 (conventional; 204 mV) < group 1 (nitride; 333 mV) < group 5 (epoxy resin; 346mV) < group 3 (oxide; 523 mV) < group 2 (gold; 872 mV) < group 4 (Teflon; 1181 mV), but root mean square (RMS) roughness values, which indicated surface roughness, followed a different pattern: group 3 (oxide; 74.12 nm) < group 1 (nitride; 221.651 nm) < group 4 (Teflon; 278.523 nm) < group 2 (gold; 317.894 nm) < group 5 (epoxy resin; 344.236 nm) < group 6 (conventional; 578.555 nm). Surface modification of NiTi wires proved to be effective in improving its corrosion resistance and decreasing surface roughness. However, neither factor could maintain a direct, one-to-one relationship. It meant that the type and nature of coating material can effectively influence the anticorrosive features of NiTi wires, compared with its surface roughness values.ABSTRACT
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DOI: 10.2319/020413-101.1
To investigate whether adding ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) might influence the antibacterial and mechanical (shear-peel band strength [SPBS]) properties of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) used in orthodontic band cementation. The cement was divided into four groups: one using the original composition and three with 10%, 25%, and 50% EEP added to the liquid and then manipulated. An antimicrobial assay, broth-dilution method was used to determine the antibacterial capacity of the GIC containing EEP. Eighty teeth were used for the mechanical assay, and an Instron testing machine was used to evaluate the SPBS. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses. GIC with the addition of 25% and 50% EEP activated inhibition of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) growth, but this effect did not occur in the group to which 10% EEP was added or in the control GIC group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of SPBS (P > .05). The addition of EEP may increase antibacterial properties without negatively modifying the mechanical properties of conventional GIC.ABSTRACT
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Case Report
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DOI: 10.2319/050513-344.1
This report describes an orthognathic surgical case employing horseshoe Le Fort I osteotomy (HLFO) combined with mid-alveolar osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) for a patient with severe unilateral scissor bite and bimaxillary protrusion. A female patient (aged 26 years, 2 months) presented with a chief complaint of dysmasesis caused by scissor bite on the right side. The clinical examination revealed difficulty in lip closure and a convex profile. Overerupted right maxillary premolars and molars and lingual tipping of the right mandibular premolars and molars were indicated before treatment. After 3 months of presurgical orthodontic treatment, two-jaw surgery involving a combination of HLFO with mid-alveolar osteotomy and BSSRO was performed. A good interdigitation in the right side was established by superior-posterior-medial movement of the dento-alveolar segment of the maxilla. Next, both the maxilla and mandible were moved superiorly and posteriorly to correct the improper lip protrusion, thereby improving the patient's profile. Our results suggest that this new orthognathic surgery technique—achieved by combining HLFO with mid-alveolar osteotomy and BSSRO—is effective for adult patients exhibiting severe unilateral scissor bite and bimaxillary protrusion.ABSTRACT
Guest Editorial
Erratum
ERRATUM—Aslan BI, Kucukkaraca E, Turkoz C, Dincer M. Treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device used with miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:76–87. Page 76 of the article states that “The FRD is a three-piece, telescoping system incorporating a superelastic nickel-titanium coil spring…” The spring is actually a stainless steel coil spring. We apologize for the error.
ERRATUM—Bouserhal J, Bassil-Nassif N, Tauk A, Will L, Limme M. Three-dimensional changes of the naso-maxillary complex following rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:88–95. In this article, volumetric measures should have been reported as cubic centimeters (cm3), not as cubic millimeters (mm3). The units of measure in Tables 3 and 4 should have been cubic centimeters (cm3) and centimeters (cm), respectively. We regret the error.
Letters From Our Readers
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We congratulate and appreciate the authors of this article for bringing up the important issues regarding the relationship between maxillary incisor proclination and the sagittal position of point A. We do have a couple of questions regarding this study. As the authors mentioned, the axial inclination of the upper incisors could be changed in different ways by varying the center of rotation around which the teeth are proclined. The authors said that patients in the study group underwent incisor proclination with a center of rotation closer to the apex than the bracket. What treatmentTo: Editor, The Angle Orthodontist
As I mentioned in my study, the final records are the results of the overall treatment, which were taken just after the debonding. In our clinic we use 0.18” slot brackets, and especially in Class II division 2 Roth prescription patients, we routinely use 0.18” × 0.25” stainless steel wires as the final archwires for about 3 months. Consequently, it is not important how we performed the proclination, because we finally repositioned the upper incisors with an optimum inclination. Nevertheless, I may write my general treatment approach in Class II division 2 cases. I preferTo: Editor, The Angle Orthodontist
Academic Opportunities
This listing of academic opportunities is provided as a free service to the profession and the community. Rank: Post Graduate Director/Faculty rank commensurate with training & experience Require: DDS/DMD or equivalent; ABO certification; experience in academic and clinical supervision and teaching. MS Dent or PhD preferred. Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine/Orthodontics 3200 South University Drive Fort Lauderdale, FL 3328-2018 Apply: www.nsujobs.com, job #992943 Addtl info contact: Dr. Abraham B. Lifshitz, email: al674@nova.edu Rank: Orthodontic Instructor and Pre-Doctoral Researcher Indiana University School of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics 1121 W. MichiganFLORIDA
INDIANA
Lip incompetence resolved by active vertical control in nonsurgical treatment of a protrusion case with vertical maxillary excess
Johnny JL Liaw,
Jae Hyun Park,
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