INTRODUCTION

The overeruption of maxillary molars usually results from early loss of antagonistic teeth. The elongated dentoalveolar process may cause problems of occlusal interferences and functional disturbances and may result in great difficulty during prosthetic reconstruction.

Generally, several conventional options are available to increase occlusal clearance. Coronal reduction often requires crown restorations at the expense of tooth vitality. Another alternative raised by Schoeman and Subramanian1 is a posterior segmental osteotomy of the maxilla to impact the elongated segment, but patients must undergo the risk of general anesthesia and high cost associated with this procedure.

To intrude overerupted maxillary molars, orthodontic anchorage could be prepared by incorporating multiunit teeth, adding extraoral headgear wear, or using newly adopted mini-implants as bony anchorage. High-pull headgear may achieve intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth, but the treatment result depends heavily on patient compliance.

Recent reports have demonstrated the clinical efficiency of mini-implants in providing sufficient anchorage against orthodontic forces.2–8 The advantages of using mini-implant as orthodontic anchorage include ease of application, minimal patient compliance needed, and the ability to immediately load after initial wound healing.5–7 The surgical procedure for inserting or removing the miniscrew is simple, with minimal unfavorable complications. In contrast, miniplates require flap surgery often done by oral surgeons.

Our previous report demonstrated the use of mini-implants with a fixed edgewise appliance to intrude maxillary molars and level an uneven occlusal plane.8 The titanium miniscrews (Leibinger, Freiburg, Germany), two mm in diameter and 15 mm long, and L-shape miniplates (Modeal, Tuttlingen, Germany) were adopted by our department to prepare bony anchorage in various adult cases, especially when molar intrusion is required (Figure 1).

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The precise quantitative assessment of the envelope of motion associated with molar intrusion with mini-implants has not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the envelope of intrusive movement of maxillary molars in cases receiving mini-implants as bony anchorage during orthodontic treatment with partial or full-mouth fixed edgewise appliances.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient characteristics

Data were obtained from the records of 22 patients in our department, who had undergone orthodontic treatment to intrude overerupted maxillary molars (Table 1). Their ages ranged from 15 to 42 years, with a mean of 27.6 years. There were 12 Class I and 10 Class II molar relationships, and nine cases were hyperdivergent (SN-MP > 37°), with only two cases being hypodivergent (SN-MP < 28°). Six of the 22 patients had local treatment with partial fixed orthodontic appliances. The other 16 patients initially had partial appliances to intrude the overerupted teeth, followed by full-mouth fixed appliances to correct the malocclusion. Eighteen of the 22 patients received implantation of both a buccal miniplate and palatal miniscrew. The other four patients had buccal and palatal miniscrews inserted. The average treatment duration of active intrusion was 7.6 months with a range of five to 12 months. A pretreatment and postintrusion maxillary dental cast was collected for each patient.

TABLE 1.  Demographic Information of 22 Subjects in This Study

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To prepare bony anchorage for maxillary molar intrusion, a titanium L-shaped miniplate and a miniscrew were implanted onto the buccal and palatal sides of the overerupted molars. Miniscrews were implanted without flap elevation or with just a stab incision. To implant a miniplate, a mucoperiosteal flap was elevated under local anesthesia. The miniplate was adjusted to fit the contour of the cortical bony surface and was fixed by bone screws with the intention to expose the free fixation hole to the oral cavity from the incised wound, which was located in the zone of attached gingiva. Sufficient distance was left between root apex and mini-implant to avoid interference with the intended intrusive tooth movement. After initial healing of the soft tissue around the mini-implants, a medium intrusive force (150–200 g) was applied with the elastic chains between the buccal miniplate and the attachment on the first molar band, and also between the palatal miniscrew and the cleat of the molar attachment (Figure 1c,d).

When adjacent teeth need to be intruded, those teeth were bonded and a sectional archwire was inserted with the intrusive force primarily applied only on the maxillary first molar. After sufficient intrusion was attained, their vertical position was maintained by ligating the molars to the miniscrew and the miniplate (Figure 2). In those cases where posterior occlusion could be restored immediately after the overerupted tooth was leveled, no retainer was required (Figure 2d). Otherwise, full-coverage retention was used if no subsequent full-mouth comprehensive therapy was performed.

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Model analysis

The bases of the before- and after-treatment dental casts for each of the 22 patients were trimmed, with the occlusal plane and the horizontal plane parallel. The tip of the mesiobuccal cusp, mesiopalatal cusp, distobuccal cusp, and distopalatal cusp of the molars as well as the buccal and palatal cusps of the premolars were marked with a sharp pencil. To compare the movement of cusp tips on the serial models, a minimum of four palatal rugae points were registered as the reference landmarks.

The spatial data on the pretreatment and postintrusion maxillary dental casts were recorded by a mechanical desktop three-dimensional (3D) digitizer (Microscribe G2, Immersion Corporation, San Jose, Calif) (Figure 3) through a stylus tip connected to a mechanical arm that allowed a full range of movements. The 3D coordinate data of unique points on the two casts were analyzed by a Rhinoceros software program (Robert McNeel & Associates, Seattle, Wash) (Figure 4). With this information, it was possible to calculate the positional change of the overerupted maxillary teeth by superimposing two sets of coordinate data to assess the relocation of specific cusp tips. The difference in the z-coordinates of the cusp tips on the serial dental casts reflected the amount and direction of the movement of the analyzed tooth. The “positive” sign indicated intrusion and “negative” sign extrusion.

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To examine the reliability of measurements by the 3D digitizer, 20 maxillary dental models were chosen randomly and digitized a second time after a two-week interval. The landmarks digitized included eight points on the cusp tips of the maxillary teeth and another eight identifiable landmarks on the palatal rugae.

The reliability of measurement with the 3D digitizer was 0.41 mm for the cusp tip and 0.45 mm for landmark on the palatal rugae. Their means and deviations on x-, y-, and z-coordinates, both individually and collectively, are shown in Table 2. The reliability of linear measurement established by digitizing the comparable landmarks on serial dental models to assess the magnitude and direction of tooth movement was considered clinically acceptable.

TABLE 2.  Reliability of Measurements (mm): Individual and Collective Means and Standard Deviations of x, y, and z Coordinates

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RESULTS

The maxillary molars were successfully intruded with the mini-implant system in all the patients. The intrusion was also noted at the maxillary teeth adjacent to the first molar, ie, at the second molar and at the first and the second premolars. Table 3 shows the quantitative assessment for intrusion of 26 maxillary first molars, 17 maxillary second molars, 11 maxillary first premolars, and 21 maxillary second premolars. The amount of intrusion was expressed as the difference of the z-coordinates between the pretreatment and postintrusion dental casts, which was equivalent to the positional change of each cusp tip. The positive value denoted intrusion of the cusp tip.

TABLE 3.  Amount of Intrusion (mm) at Various Cusp Tips of Maxillary Teeth^a

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The variation of the maxillary molar intrusion was considerable, ranging from −3.68 to 8.67 mm. The amount of intrusion at the maxillary second molar was generally less than that of the first molar. The mean amount of intrusion at the maxillary first molar was 3 to 4 mm and 2 to 2.5 mm at the maxillary second molar. The larger variation in the second molar intrusion resulted from extrusion of the buccal cusps usually noted in cases with buccal tipping of second molars before treatment. The amount of maxillary premolar intrusion ranged from −1.50 to 8.04 mm and was generally less than that of the maxillary molars. The mean intrusion of the maxillary premolar was around 2 mm at the second premolar and 1 mm at the first premolar.

The maximum amount of intrusion (8.67 mm at mesiobuccal cusp of right maxillary first molar and 8.04 mm at second premolar) was noted in a case of a 23-year-old female patient with all her right mandibular molars missing (Figure 5a) and the teeth of the opposing arch (15 to 17) overerupted. The gingival line of the right maxillary posterior teeth was obviously below that of the anterior teeth. Intrusion was started with a sectional-arch fixed appliance with mini-implant anchorage and completed in seven months. The intruded molars were ligated to the miniplate for retention and full-mouth orthodontic treatment followed (Figure 5b–d).

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The buccal-lingual tipping of the intruded maxillary posterior tooth was quantitatively assessed by subtracting the difference between the intrusion of the buccal and palatal cusps (Table 4). A positive value denoted buccal tipping of maxillary posterior teeth. The difference between the buccal and palatal cusps and either the mesial or distal position of the crown was generally small compared with the total intrusion achieved. Similar to the negligible tipping of the maxillary molar, the difference between the buccal and palatal cusps of the maxillary premolar was generally little. None of the differences in intrusion between the buccal and palatal cusps reached the level of significance (t-test with expected value = 0, P < .05). This indicated that the intrusion was achieved without significant buccal-palatal tipping.

TABLE 4.  Assessment of Crown Tipping (mm) of Maxillary Posterior Teeth^a

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The wide range of values resulted from the initial malposition of some teeth, especially buccoversion of the maxillary second molars. Correction of a buccally tipped second molar requires changing the tooth's axis by intruding palatal cusps and possibly extrusion of buccal cusps. In one case, the mesiobuccal cusp of the left maxillary second molar was extruded 3.68 mm. The initial position of this second molar was in a severe buccal version, with buccal cusps out of occlusal contact. Indeed in this type of case, the leveling and alignment of these teeth is achieved by palatal tipping with buccal cusp extrusion and palatal cusp intrusion.

DISCUSSION

Anchorage control plays an important role in orthodontic mechanics. During conventional orthodontic treatment for intruding overerupted molars, it is difficult to avoid the side effect of extrusion of the anchorage teeth. Some appliances such as high-pull headgears could be used for molar intrusion, but the patient's compliance is essential.

In contrast to traditional orthodontics, the molar intrusion facilitated with the mini-implants causes minimum extrusion of the adjacent teeth. Incorporation of mini-implants can achieve a significant amount of maxillary molar intrusion and is an excellent alternative to traditional method.39–12 The results of this study demonstrate that the intrusive movement of maxillary premolars could also be anticipated even when the bony anchorage was set originally for the maxillary first molar only. This enables the orthodontist to intrude multiple teeth at the same time with a rigid anchorage.

To quantify the amount of intrusion, we adopted a 3D digitizer to measure the movement of cusp tips of specific teeth relative to the stable structures on the dental casts. The superimposition of lateral cephalometric radiographs may provide us information about molar intrusion, but the image of posterior teeth is often blurred and buccal-palatal crown tipping could not be assessed. Panoramic radiographs offer a better alternative because no image overlapping of contralateral posterior teeth occurs. Recently, panoramic radiographs were used to identify pure molar intrusion with miniplate anchorage.3 Contrary to analysis using 2D images, the 3D approach could quantify the tooth movement by analyzing spatial data from the serial models.13

In this study, palatal rugae were used as references to evaluate the positional change of maxillary teeth on serial dental casts. Almedia et al14 reported that the medial rugae point is more stable than the lateral point for longitudinal cast analysis. Bailey et al15 suggested that the medial and lateral points of the third rugae could be used as the reference points in longitudinal cast analysis. In our study, to track the tooth movement by superimposing two sets of dental casts, a minimum of four identical and reliable reference points were selected from the medial and lateral rugae points. Despite some controversy regarding the long-term stability of rugae during growth, the stability of rugae points was not an issue because the subjects in our study were mostly adult and the observation period was within a few months.

Various implant systems have been used for orthodontic intrusion. Southard et al10 reported that molar intrusion is possible using dental implants. Sherwood et al3 reported four cases with miniplate anchorage to close skeletal open bite. They reported that superimposition of panoramic tracings showed that a mean molar intrusion of 1.99 mm. Kanomi16 reported an adult patient with a deep bite, which was corrected with six mm of lower incisor intrusion by an intrusive force from a mini-implant. Umemori et al2 presented a skeletal anchorage system to correct an anterior open bite. They implanted the titanium miniplates at buccal aspects of the mandibular molars and intruded the molars about three to five mm. Daimaruya et al17 intruded the mandibular molars 3.4 mm by the intrusive force from buccal miniplate and lingual bone screw in dogs. Erverdi et al11 reported that the zygomatic area was a useful anchorage site for maxillary molar intrusion. A cephalometric study demonstrated the effectiveness of skeletal anchorage for intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth to correct anterior open-bite malocclusion.12 Our experience substantiates that successful intrusion of molars can be consistently achieved with mini-implants as anchorage.

In this study, the severity of the overeruption of individual maxillary teeth varied among the 22 cases. The intrusion mechanics were terminated when the overerupted tooth was leveled. Therefore, the large individual variation of our data was reasonable because the treatment goal for each case was different. In addition to intruding the overerupted maxillary posterior teeth, we also used the mini-implant anchorage system to correct the Class II malocclusion with excessive dentoalveolar height and anterior open bite. The intrusion of maxillary molars was followed by counterclockwise rotation of the mandible with a decrease in the sagittal jaw discrepancy. Our clinical observation indicated successful orthodontic management of these Class II hyperdivergent patients without orthognathic surgeries. However, the stability of changing vertical dimension in these patients requires long-term follow-up.

Intrusion of molars by only applying an apically directed force to the buccal tooth attachment will tip molars to the buccal. There are several ways to counteract the buccal tipping moment produced by the intrusive force applied from buccal aspect.

Most commonly a transpalatal arch is used to help minimize the tendency of buccal tipping. This appliance should be kept well away from the palate to avoid soft tissue impingement. A second option for minimizing buccal tipping is the use of a constricted overlay archwire. Sherwood et al3 used an overlay round archwire to provide a counterbalancing moment and control the buccal crown tipping. However, the most efficient control may result from simultaneous application of intrusive force from buccal and palatal aspects. With the miniplate and miniscrew anchorage system, the intrusive force can be applied by elastic chains between the buccal miniplate and attachment on first molar band, and between the palatal miniscrew and the cleat of the molar attachment. The levels of buccal and palatal force need to be closely monitored to minimize the tendency for crown tipping, which is usually not desirable. In this study, the palatal cusp responded faster and the intrusive movement occurred earlier than that of buccal cusp. The interradicular septum between the two buccal roots may partly explain the different rate of intrusion in the buccal and palatal cusps.

This retrospective study has certain limitations. First, its retrospective nature does not allow a detailed analysis of the sequence of events such as a temporary halt for better torque control. Second, tracking the movement of the cusp tip of the posterior tooth simply indicates the direction of movement but not the type of movement (tip or torque).13 Third, we observed noticeable clinical crown shortening of the intruded teeth but little was known regarding changes of the surrounding periodontal tissues. Indeed, deepening of gingival sulcus and bleeding on probing were frequently noted. The deepened sulcus may prevent proper cleansing and predispose the gingiva to inflammation. We recommend an intense oral hygiene regimen for these intruded teeth to resolve the redundant soft tissue spontaneously. Further study is needed to investigate the changes of periodontal tissue around the intruded teeth.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that the average intrusion of maxillary molars was more than three to four mm. A combination of mini-implants and fixed appliances is a predictable and effective procedure to achieve maxillary molar intrusion.