Editorial Type:
Article Category: Case Report
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Online Publication Date: 01 May 2018

Class III malocclusion and bilateral cross-bite in an adult patient treated with miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander and aligners

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DOI: 10.2319/111617-790.1
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ABSTRACT

This case report describes the use of a miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander and aligners to correct bilateral cross-bite and crowding in an adult patient with a Class III skeletal pattern. A digitally designed surgical guide was three-dimensionally printed and used to accurately insert four miniscrews into the palate; these were employed to anchor a novel miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander appliance without any dental anchorage. Cone-beam computed tomograms before and after miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander treatment demonstrated the orthopedic expansion of the maxilla without dental tipping. The patient was then fitted with aligners to correct crowding and malocclusion. This case report demonstrates the successful treatment of an adult patient with a narrow maxilla and bilateral cross-bite using a nonsurgical, conservative treatment.

Keywords: Rapid palatal expander; Aligners; Miniscrew

INTRODUCTION

Nearly 30% of adult orthodontic patients present with a transverse maxillary deficiency and posterior cross-bite. For many years, surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion has been the treatment of choice to resolve maxillary constriction in young adults, although several authors have reported successful nonsurgical expansion in young and adult patients.1–5 However, Chang et al.6 described possible side effects in nonsurgical palatal expansion that, in adult patients, may produce dentoalveolar tipping with unfavorable periodontal effects.

In 2010, Lee et al.7 introduced an appliance secured to the palate by means of miniscrews, the miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE), which was used to treat a 20-year-old patient with transverse discrepancy for mandibular prognathism, obviating the need for orthognathic surgery. Expansion was successfully achieved with minimal damage to the teeth and periodontium, and the authors concluded that MARPE was an effective means of correcting transverse deficits. Moreover, as the miniscrews are anchored to the basal bone, the orthopedic force exerted by the appliance results in pure skeletal movement while minimizing unwanted dental effects.8

Based on the study by Lee et al., many authors have recently developed novel skeletal expanders with the aid of miniscrews, and new MARPE devices have been used to correct maxillary constriction in patients of various ages.9–11 In addition, other authors have developed a hybrid palatal expander, introducing surgical guides (Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance, MAPA system) for miniscrew insertion into the palate to prevent damage to the anatomical structures.12,13 Furthermore, to prevent undesirable tooth anchorage effects at high risk of causing periodontal or root damage, a pure skeletal anchorage expander called the bone-anchored maxillary expander has been described.14

CASE REPORT

This case report describes an adult female patient with Class III malocclusion and bilateral cross-bite treated successfully with a pure skeletal anchorage maxillary expander and aligners.

Diagnosis and Etiology

The patient, a 23-year-old woman, presented with a Class III malocclusion, transverse maxillary deficiency, and bilateral cross-bite (Figures 1a–e). Maxillary and mandibular intermolar widths15 were 32 and 38 mm, respectively, and the patient displayed a flat profile and skeletal asymmetry, featuring a deviation of the mandible toward the right (Figures 2–4). Cephalometric analysis showed a Class III relationship (ANB 0, WITS appraisal −5) with a long face (FMA 30.8°). Maxillary incisors were proclined (maxillary central incisor to SN 117°), and the mandibular incisors had a lingual inclination (IMPA 82°) as reported in Table 1. Overjet and overbite were reduced, and the lower dental midline was deviated 3 mm to the right (Figures 5–9).

Figures 1–4. . Initial photographs.
Figures 1–4 Initial photographs.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Table 1 Cephalometric Assessment
Table 1
Figures 5–9. . Initial study models.
Figures 5–9 Initial study models.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

The patient's gum was delicate, friable, and translucent, demonstrating a thin gingival biotype. Recession was visible at the maxillary and mandibular cuspids and bicuspids, and minor recession at the lower incisors (Figure 1).

Panoramic and laterolateral teleradiographs were taken by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT; Figures 10–12), and an intraoral scan of the dental arches was performed. Axial CBCT slices at the upper cuspids and bicuspids and at the furcation of first molars clearly showed a maxillary traverse deficiency with bilateral cross-bite (Figures 13–15). A three-dimensional skull model also revealed a diffuse paucity of buccal alveolar bone, in accordance with the clinical finding of gingival recession (Figures 16–17). Coronal and sagittal cross-sections were used to measure palatal bone thickness (Figure 18). The patient reported a pronounced family history (both parents) of Class III and maxillary constriction, indicating that the malocclusion was genetic in origin.

Figures 10–12. . Initial radiographs and cephalometric tracing.
Figures 10–12 Initial radiographs and cephalometric tracing.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 13–15. . Initial cone-beam computed tomography axial slices.
Figures 13–15 Initial cone-beam computed tomography axial slices.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 16–17. . Three-dimensional skull model showing diffuse paucity of buccal alveolar bone.
Figures 16–17 Three-dimensional skull model showing diffuse paucity of buccal alveolar bone.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 18. . Cone-beam computed tomography cross-sections showing palatal bone thickness.
Figure 18 Cone-beam computed tomography cross-sections showing palatal bone thickness.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Treatment Objectives

The primary objective was orthopedic correction of the posterior cross-bite by skeletal maxillary expansion without any dental compensation or worsening of the periodontal situation. Additional objectives were to achieve molar and canine Class I, correct the crowding, obtain ideal overjet (about 2.5 mm) and overbite (about 2 mm), improve facial esthetics and incisor projection, and reduce black buccal corridors during smile.

Treatment Progress

To avoid any adverse effects on the upper teeth, a bone-borne rapid palatal expander was selected. Because the maxilla was narrow and thin in the vertical dimension, the MAPA system protocol was used to insert four miniscrews into the palate.12,13 This protocol enabled bicortical anchorage guaranteeing greater resistance than that provided by orthopedic-loading devices.16

First, the Standard Triangulation Language (STL) files obtained from intraoral scans of the patient were superimposed onto the CBCT Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files. The thicknesses of the palate were measured, and the ideal positions for four virtual miniscrews were identified (Figures 19–21). A three-dimensional template was then designed and three-dimensionally printed (MAPA system).12,13 It featured precisely positioned cylindrical guide sleeves to enable the correct placement of four miniscrews and rigorous control of the direction of insertion (two 11-mm and two 9-mm miniscrews, Ø 2 mm, Spider Screw, Regular plus, HdC, Thiene, Italy; Figures 22–25). A Polyvinyl Siloxane (PVS) impression of the upper arch was then used to create the expansion device (Figures 26–28). The treatment protocol included two activations per day17 until the mid-palatal suture had opened and the constriction was corrected (Figure 29). With 9 mm of appliance expansion, 7 mm of expansion was obtained at the maxillary first molars, and 4 mm at the maxillary canines (Figure 30). Due to early contact between the upper and lower second molars, the open bite was increased and the device was left in situ for 2 months to stabilize the expansion.

Figure 19. . Cross-section of the maxilla and virtual position of the miniscrews.
Figure 19 Cross-section of the maxilla and virtual position of the miniscrews.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 20–21. . Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and Standard Triangulation Language (STL) file superimposition of intraoral patient maxilla.
Figures 20–21 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and Standard Triangulation Language (STL) file superimposition of intraoral patient maxilla.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 22–24. . Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) creation: three-dimensional–printed template for correct miniscrew placement.
Figures 22–24 Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) creation: three-dimensional–printed template for correct miniscrew placement.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 25. . Miniscrews inserted into the palate after surgical guide removal.
Figure 25 Miniscrews inserted into the palate after surgical guide removal.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 26. . Polyvinyl Siloxane (PVS) impression showing the position of the miniscrews.
Figure 26 Polyvinyl Siloxane (PVS) impression showing the position of the miniscrews.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 27. . Model of the patient's maxilla used for appliance creation.
Figure 27 Model of the patient's maxilla used for appliance creation.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 28. . Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) appliance connected only to the four miniscrews.
Figure 28 Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) appliance connected only to the four miniscrews.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 29. . Occlusal radiograph demonstrating the mid-palatal suture opening.
Figure 29 Occlusal radiograph demonstrating the mid-palatal suture opening.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 30. . Mid-palatal suture opening.
Figure 30 Mid-palatal suture opening.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Postexpansion intraoral scans were taken and used to plan aligner treatment. In this phase, interproximal reduction to teeth 13 and 22, 35 and 43 was performed to gain space and facilitate the derotation movements.18–20 Then, 20 upper and lower individualized F22 aligners (Sweden & Martina, Due Carrare, Italy) were delivered to the patient after composite grip points had been attached to the buccal surfaces of teeth 13, 22, 23, 35, 44, and 45 and the lingual surfaces of teeth 12, 11, 21, from 31 to 42 (Figures 31–34), as prescribed by the digital set-up.

Figure 31. . F22 virtual set-up.
Figure 31 F22 virtual set-up.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 32–34. . Grip-points and Interproximal reduction (IPR).
Figures 32–34 Grip-points and Interproximal reduction (IPR).

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Each aligner was worn for 7 days and, after this series, five upper and lower refinement aligners were prescribed so that an acceptable result could be achieved. Aligner treatment, therefore, lasted slighly longer than 6 months (Figures 35–41). At the end of this phase, the four miniscrews were removed from the palate. After 2 weeks, the peri-implant tissues had completely healed (Figure 42).

Figures 35–39. . Intraoral photograph after the 20-aligner series.
Figures 35–39 Intraoral photograph after the 20-aligner series.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 40–41. . Aligners in place.
Figures 40–41 Aligners in place.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figure 42. . Occlusal photograph after Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) and miniscrew removal.
Figure 42 Occlusal photograph after Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) and miniscrew removal.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Treatment Results

After 10 months, the treatment was complete. The transverse constriction of the upper jaw had been corrected and the bilateral cross-bite resolved. Comparison of the pre- and postoperative radiographs and CBCT images reveal the maxillary expansion (Figures 43–47), which was also visible on dental casts (Figures 48–52). At the end of treatment, the patient displayed Class I molar and canine relationships (due to an increased positive tip, a slight edge-to-edge tendency at the level of the canine was detectable). Cephalometric data revealed an increase in the SNA (82°) and a reduction of the WITS index (Table 1). The data reported in Table 1 also show that the vertical position of the maxilla was relatively unchanged, but that the FMA was slightly increased (31.7°), as demonstrated by the overall superimpositions (Figures 53–55). The upper incisors had been extruded and uprighted while the lower incisors remained unchanged (Table 1). Measures of intermolar widths on the upper arches before and after treatment showed an overall increase in width of 6 mm (at the level of the palatal cusps of the upper first molars; Table 2). Furthermore, all dental and skeletal objectives had been achieved and a satisfactory occlusal outcome was evident with no further increase in recession. Although there had been some thinning of the buccal plates, there was still adequate coverage of the maxillary cuspids, bicuspids, and molar roots even after expansion, as shown in the CBCT slices (Figures 56–58).

Figures 43–44. . Final photographs.
Figures 43–44 Final photographs.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 45–47. . Final radiographs and cephalometric tracing.
Figures 45–47 Final radiographs and cephalometric tracing.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 48–52. . Final models.
Figures 48–52 Final models.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Figures 53–55. . Superimpositions.
Figures 53–55 Superimpositions.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

Table 2 Skeletal Effects of Bone-Borne Rapid Maxillary Expander Interdental Widthsa
Table 2
Figures 56–58. . Final cone-beam computed tomography axial slices showing the final angulation of the dentition.
Figures 56–58 Final cone-beam computed tomography axial slices showing the final angulation of the dentition.

Citation: The Angle Orthodontist 88, 5; 10.2319/111617-790.1

The face appeared more symmetric, the patient's profile had been maintained, and the overall esthetics had been improved. The patient displayed a nice, broad smile, with improved incisor exposure and no buccal corridors. The patient was instructed to wear the last pair of aligners for retention due to the elastic propriety of the thermoplastic material,21 and slight restoration of tooth 22 was performed to achieve optimal anterior tooth proportions.22 Upon completion of orthodontic treatment, the patient was offered several periodontal surgery interventions to improve the esthetics of the periodontal tissues. This multidisciplinary approach would have further enhanced the final outcome, providing results that could not be achieved by means of orthodontic treatment alone. Unfortunately, however, the patient refused surgery.

DISCUSSION

There is a strong consensus in the literature as to the efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion in growing patients. However, in about 50% of cases, the reported expansion occurred at the mid-palatal suture, whereas in the remaining 50% of cases it was brought about by displacement of the dentoalveolar complex.4 Age is considered a primary factor in the success of palatal expansion, and this is based on the idea that it rapidly becomes inefficient after the early teens.23–25 In adults, surgery had long been considered the only option for orthopedic transverse correction. Nevertheless, many authors have reported cases of rapid maxillary expansion in adult patients based on the assumption that the correction of maxillary constriction results in a displacement of the alveolar process associated with buccal displacement of the teeth.26 However, rapid maxillary expansion in adults can produce unwanted effects, including lateral tipping of the posterior teeth,27,28 extrusion,29,30 buccal root resorption,31,32 alveolar bone bending,33 fenestration of the buccal cortex,34,35 pain, and instability of the expansion.28,30,35

Carlson et al.17 and Mosleh et al.36 have reported successful outcomes in patients treated with MARPE, but these authors relied on an appliance anchored partially to the teeth. Winsauer et al.,14 on the other hand, reported one case of a 30-year-old patient successfully treated with bone-borne anchorage without unwanted dental effects.

To achieve true skeletal expansion, in this case a pure skeletal anchorage expander was designed using a MAPA system to prevent any possible damage to the anatomical structures. Contrary to the belief that nonsurgical palatal expansion is impossible in adult patients, the posttreatment records of this adult patient clearly show skeletal expansion, verified by measurements of CBCT images and models (Table 2). The posttreatment records of the patient show that the buccal tipping of the teeth was well controlled37,38 (Figures 56–58; Table 3). The careful MARPE design and expansion protocol also resulted in a notable improvement in the patient's esthetics.39 Once orthopedic expansion of the upper jaw had been achieved, fully resolving the bilateral cross-bite, the patient was then fitted with aligners40; this confined the dental movements to the required teeth.

Table 3 Skeletal Effects of Bone-Borne Rapid Maxillary Expander Buccolingual Angulation
Table 3

Such appliances as aligners can be extremely useful in adult patients, especially in those with Class III or vertical discrepancy issues, as they maintain dental compensation without the need for other sources of anchorage.41 Aligners also enable optimal oral hygiene, especially in adults, in whom there is a greater risk of periodontal problems and a greater likelihood of having a thin gingival biotype.42–44 A further advantage of aligner treatment is the favorable esthetics, which makes them better tolerated in patients, especially adults.

CONCLUSIONS

  • The successful resolution of this case shows the efficacy of a combined protocol involving miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander and aligner treatment to resolve Class III malocclusion with bilateral cross-bite in an adult patient, despite the widespread belief that nonsurgical correction of such cases is impossible. This orthopedic approach resulted in a better outcome than that previously reported in the literature, even those pertaining to younger patients.

  • This new MARPE design and protocol is a promising addition to the range of orthopedic expansion options, with lower risks and costs than other surgical approaches.

  • Further studies are required to confirm the findings in a larger sample of patients.

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Copyright: © 2018 by The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc.
<bold>Figures 1–4</bold>
Figures 1–4

Initial photographs.

<bold>Figures 5–9</bold>
Figures 5–9

Initial study models.

<bold>Figures 10–12</bold>
Figures 10–12

Initial radiographs and cephalometric tracing.

<bold>Figures 13–15</bold>
Figures 13–15

Initial cone-beam computed tomography axial slices.

<bold>Figures 16–17</bold>
Figures 16–17

Three-dimensional skull model showing diffuse paucity of buccal alveolar bone.

<bold>Figure 18</bold>
Figure 18

Cone-beam computed tomography cross-sections showing palatal bone thickness.

<bold>Figure 19</bold>
Figure 19

Cross-section of the maxilla and virtual position of the miniscrews.

<bold>Figures 20–21</bold>
Figures 20–21

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and Standard Triangulation Language (STL) file superimposition of intraoral patient maxilla.

<bold>Figures 22–24</bold>
Figures 22–24

Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) creation: three-dimensional–printed template for correct miniscrew placement.

<bold>Figure 25</bold>
Figure 25

Miniscrews inserted into the palate after surgical guide removal.

<bold>Figure 26</bold>
Figure 26

Polyvinyl Siloxane (PVS) impression showing the position of the miniscrews.

<bold>Figure 27</bold>
Figure 27

Model of the patient's maxilla used for appliance creation.

<bold>Figure 28</bold>
Figure 28

Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) appliance connected only to the four miniscrews.

<bold>Figure 29</bold>
Figure 29

Occlusal radiograph demonstrating the mid-palatal suture opening.

<bold>Figure 30</bold>
Figure 30

Mid-palatal suture opening.

<bold>Figure 31</bold>
Figure 31

F22 virtual set-up.

<bold>Figures 32–34</bold>
Figures 32–34

Grip-points and Interproximal reduction (IPR).

<bold>Figures 35–39</bold>
Figures 35–39

Intraoral photograph after the 20-aligner series.

<bold>Figures 40–41</bold>
Figures 40–41

Aligners in place.

<bold>Figure 42</bold>
Figure 42

Occlusal photograph after Miniscrew Assisted Palatal Appliance (MAPA) and miniscrew removal.

<bold>Figures 43–44</bold>
Figures 43–44

Final photographs.

<bold>Figures 45–47</bold>
Figures 45–47

Final radiographs and cephalometric tracing.

<bold>Figures 48–52</bold>
Figures 48–52

Final models.

<bold>Figures 53–55</bold>
Figures 53–55

Superimpositions.

<bold>Figures 56–58</bold>
Figures 56–58

Final cone-beam computed tomography axial slices showing the final angulation of the dentition.

Contributor Notes

Corresponding author: Luca Lombardo, Research Assistant, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (e-mail: lulombardo@tiscali.it)
Received: 01 Nov 2017
Accepted: 01 Feb 2018
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